翻译硕士英语2016（211）

山东大学

二〇一六年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

科目代码 211 科目名称翻译硕士英语

（1-30题涂在答题卡上，其余答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效）

—, Vocabulary and Grammar (30%)

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.

Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.

He felt that the uninspiring routine of office work was too for someone of his

talent and creativity.

(A) prosaic(B) insatiable(C)exacting(D) enthralling

The museum arranged the fossils in order, placing the older fossils dating from

the Late Ice Age on the first floor and the more recent fossils on the second floor.

(A) alphabetical (B) chronological (C) random (D) arbitrary

With the evolution of wings, insects were able to to the far ecological corners,

across deserts and bodies of water, to reach new food sources and inhabit a wider variety of

promising environmental niches.

(A) relate (B) disperse (C) transgress (D) revert

Having recently missed out on the Matisse retrospective, which has taken Paris and New

York by storm, and on the tour of great paintings from Philadelphia’s Barnes collection,

London is becoming in the competition to show blockbuster international an

exhibitions.

(A) a trend-setter (B) an also-ran (C) a world-beater (D) a mecca

What most the magazine’s critics is the manner in which its editorial opinions are

expressed too often as if only an idiot could see things any other way.

(A) belies (B) impedes (C) riles (D) placates

Despite her compassionate nature, the new nominee to the Supreme Court was

single-minded and in her strict adherence to the letter of the law.

(A) merciful (B) uncompromising (C) dilatory (D) vindictive

Although he generally observed the adage “Look before you leap,” in this instance he was

acting in an unconsidered fashion.

(A) chary of(B) impervious to (C) precipitate in (D) hesitant about

Surrounded by a retinue of sycophants who invariably her singing, Callas

wearied of the constant adulation and longed for honest criticism.

(A) orchestrated (B) thwarted (C) assailed (D) extolled

There is nothing or provisional about Moore’s early critical

pronouncements; she deals confidently with what were then radical new developments in

poetry.

(A) tentative(B) positive(C) dogmatic(D) shallow

She the chance to spend a whole day with her father.

(A) jumped on (B) jumped at (C) jumped with (D) jumped up

She pointed out that his resume was. because it merely recorded his previous

positions and failed to highlight the specific skills he had mastered in each job.

(A) disinterested(B) inadequate (C) conclusive (D) obligatory

Because it was already known that retroviruses could cause cancer in animals, it seemed

only. to search for similar cancer-causing viruses in human beings.

(A) culpable (B) charitable (C) hypothetical (D) logical

Her is always a source of irritation: she never uses a single word when she can

substitute a long clause or phrase in its place.

(A) frivolity(B) verbosity(C) ambivalence(D) cogency

It is futile to try to destroy pests completely with chemical poisons, for as each new

chemical pesticide is introduced, the insects gradually become to it.

(A) drawn (B) vulnerable (C) resistant (D) indifferent

Ms. Ono rarely gives interviews because she believes the news media have her

and treated her badly.

(A) publicized (B) misrepresented (C) eulogized (D) acclaimed

Totem craftsmanship reached its in the 19th century, when the introduction of

metal tools enabled carvers to execute more sophisticated designs,

(A)apex(B) conclusion (C) antithesis (D) reward

As delicate and as insect bodies are, it is remarkable that over the ages enough

of them have . preserved in amber, for scientists to trace insect evolution.

(A) beautiful…disappeared (B) fragile…survived

Unfortunately, the current Broadway season offers some fare that sounds

markedly like imitations of previous hits.

(A) epic (B) radical (C)formulaic (D) incongruous

For those who admire realism, Louis Malle’s recent film succeeds because it consciously

shuns the stuff of legend and tells story as it might actually unfold with fallible

people in earthly time.

(A) a derivative (B) an antiquated (C) an unembellished (D)an ethereal

Crabeater seal, the common name of Lobodon car-cinophagus, is a -, since the

animal’s staple diet is not crabs, but krill.

(A) pseudonym (B) misnomer (C) delusion (D) digression

-, Reading Comprehension (40%)

Section 1 Multiple choice (20%)

Directions: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple-choice

questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.

Passage A

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational

model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating

likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the

decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what

is vaguely termed “intuition” to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them

to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the

process of thinking.

Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers

rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what

intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for

capriciousness.

Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that

managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five

distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on

intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or

irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build

skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an

integrated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a

check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the

formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for

reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run

counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to

bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way,

intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar

patterns. One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that

“thinking” is inseparable from acting. Since managers often “know” what is right before they

can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably

tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their

companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by

acting and analyzing in close concert.

Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior

managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use

the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One

implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not

just of implementing the solution.

According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways

EXCEPT to

(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.

(B) identify a problem.

(D) stipulate clear goals.

22.The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned

in paragraph two?

(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision

analysis.

(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.

managers do.

(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.

23.Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” in paragraph three as it is

presented in the passage?

(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the

action changes the problem at hand.

(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and

uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.

pattern relevant to the problem at hand.

(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic

analysis.

According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the

following EXCEPT

(A) creation of possible solutions to a problem

(B) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision

(D) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem

The passage provides support for which of the following statements?

(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal

decision analysis.

(B) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.

Passage B

For some time scientists have believed that cholesterol plays a major role in heart disease

because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the

normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease. These

people lack cell-surface receptors for low-density lipoproteins (LDL’s), which are the

fundamental carriers of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol. Without an

adequate number of cell-surface receptors to remove LDL’s from the blood, the

cholesterol-carrying LDL’s remain in the blood, increasing blood cholesterol levels. Scientists

also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL’s

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than normal individuals. How, scientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a

slowdown in the removal of LDL’s from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of

this cholesterol-carrying protein?

Since scientists could not experiment on human body tissue, their knowledge of familial

hypercholesterolemia was severely limited. However, a breakthrough came in the laboratories

of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980. Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit

in his colony had ten times the normal concentration of cholesterol in its blood. By appropriate

breeding, Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels. These

rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise, Watanabe further found that the

rabbits, like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia, lacked LDL receptors. Thus, scientists

could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial

hypercholesterolemia in humans.

Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University, it was known that LDL’s are secreted from

the liver in the form of a precursor, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL’s), which carry

triglycerides as well as relatively small amounts of cholesterol. The triglycerides are removed

from the VLDL’s by fatty and other tissues. What remains is a remnant particle that must be

removed from the blood. What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the

removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor. Normally, the majority of the VLDL

remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe

rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, the VLDL remnants remain in the blood

and are eventually converted to LDL’s. The LDL receptors thus have a dual effect in

controlling LDL levels. They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDL’s from VLDL

remnants and they are necessary for the normal removal of LDL’s from the blood. With this

knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically

lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.

In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) presenting a hypothesis and describing compelling evidence in support of it

(B) raising a question and describing an important discovery that led to an answer

(D) explaining what causes the genetic mutation that leads to heart disease

The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?

(A) Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol?

(B) How did scientists discover that LDL’s are secreted from the liver in the form of a

precursor?

(D) Which body tissues produce triglycerides?

According to the passage, by studying the Watanabe rabbits scientists learned that

(A) VLDL remnants are removed from the blood by LDL receptors in the liver

(B) LDL’s are secreted from the liver in the form of precursors called VLDL’s

(D) LDL receptors remove LDL’s from theblood

The development of drug treatments for some forms of familial hypercholesterolemia is

regarded by the author as

(A)highlyprobable

(B) interesting, but too costly to be practical

(D) extremely unlikely

The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differ from normal rabbits in which of the

following ways?

(A) Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptors than do normal rabbits.

(B) The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains more VLDL remnants than does the blood of

normal rabbits.

(D) Watanabe rabbits secrete lower levels of VLDL’s than do normal rabbits.

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Section 2 Answering questions (20%)

Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the

questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just

read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.

Questions1~2

David Maraniss choked up when he saw the two-minute Chrysler advertisement during the

Super Bowl, the annual football extravaganza, with its images of smokestacks, ice skaters and

Diego Rivera’s “Detroit Industry” murals. Suddenly he realized how much he still cared for his

birthplace, where he spent the first six and a half years of his life. So much so that he decided

to write his 12th book about the city, when it was at the peak of its economic, political and

cultural power. He picked the early 1960s, from the autumn of 1962 to the spring of 1964.

At the time Detroit was the economic engine of America. In January 1963 Life magazine

published a story under the headline ““Glow from Detroit Spreads Everywhere”. The factories

of Ford, General Motors, Chrysler and American Motors were firing on all cylinders. The

increase in women drivers, the trend towards two-car families, the rising income of the

post-war baby boomers and the promise of foreign markets inspired tremendous optimism for

the industry’s growth. The annual motor show was the biggest and most important event of its

kind, the Academy Awards on wheels; on occasion even the vice-president came.

Detroit was also a centre of progressive politics and the civil-rights movement. Mr

Maraniss devotes an entire chapter to Walter Reuther, the memorable boss of the most

powerful union, the United Auto Workers (UAW). His parents, German immigrants, raised him

with visions of social justice and workers rights. Reuther was an idealist but also a pragmatist,

which made him enemies on the left as well as the right. George Romney, the Republican

governor of Michigan in 1963, called him “the most dangerous man in Detroit” because of his

ability to bring about the revolution without seeming to disturb the existing norms of society""

Reuther was concerned with civil rights almost as much as with workers’ rights. He

invited Martin Luther King to the UAW’s 25th-anniversary dinner and afterwards distributed

copies of King’s speech to the rank-and-file. When hundreds of protesters were jailed after

King’s Birmingham campaign of civil disobedience, Reuther dispatched two UAW staffers

with $160,000 in money belts to bail them out of jail. “It could be said that to a significant

degree Detroit and its autoworkers were the civil rights movement’s bank,” Mr Maraniss writes.

In Detroit in June 1963 King led the “Walk to Freedom”, then the largest civil-rights march,

and delivered a version of his “I Have a Dream” speech which he would give nine weeks later

at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC.

For all Detroit’s glow, the storm clouds were already gathering in the early 1960s. Mr

Maraniss cites a study by Wayne State University in 1963 that predicted the population of

Detroit would drop from nearly 1.7m to 1.2m between 1960 and 1970 and continue to dwindle.

“Productive persons who pay taxes are moving out of the city, leaving behind the

non-productive,” the report noted. It also mentioned that in 1960 Detroit’s population was

28.9% black and forecast that by 1970 the city would be 44.3% black, pointing out that blacks

who had the resources moved to the suburbs “with the same urgency as whites”.

The report turned out to be unusually prescient. In spite of the efforts of Reuther,

Cavanagh, King and others, Detroit was rocked by one of the worst race riots in history in

From then on the pace of the city’s decline quickened. By the time Mr Maraniss was

writing his meticulously researched book, which at times provides almost too much detail for

the uninitiated, Detroit had declared bankruptcy. Its population was 83% black, its workers

were largely unskilled and the city’s headcount had shrunk to 688,000. The city that had given

America somuch was indesperateneed ofhelp

How significant was Detroit economically and politically in the early 1960s?
According to the study by Wayne State University in 1963,how is the change in population

structure in Detroit related to the city’s decline?

Questions3~5

At first glance the patriarchy appears to be thriving. More than 90% of presidents and

prime ministers are male, as are nearly all big corporate bosses. Men dominate finance,

technology, films, sports, music and even stand-up comedy. In much of the world they still

enjoysocial and legal privileges simply because they have a Y chromosome. So it might seem

odd to worry about the plight of men.

Yet there is plenty of cause for concern. Men cluster at the bottom as well as the top. They

are far more likely than women to be jailed, estranged from their children, or to kill themselves.

They earn fewer university degrees than women. Boys in the developed world are 50% more

likely to flunk basic maths, reading and science entirely.

One group in particular is suffering. Poorly educated men in rich countries have had

difficulty coping with the enormous changes in the labor market and the home over the past

half-century. As technology and trade have devalued brawn, less-educated men have struggled

to find a role in the workplace. Women, on the other hand, are surging into expanding sectors

such as health care and education, helped by their superior skills. As education has become

more important, boys have also fallen behind girls in school (except at the very top). Men who

lose jobs in manufacturing often never work again. And men without work find it hard to

attract a permanent mate. The result, for low-skilled men, is a poisonous combination of no job.

no family and no prospects.

Those on the political left tend to focus on economics. Shrinking job opportunities for men,

they say, are entrenching poverty and destroying families. In America pay for men with only a

high-school certificate fell by 21% in real terms between 1979 and 2013; for women with

similar qualifications it rose by 3%. Around a fifth of working-age American men with only a

high-school diploma have no job.Those on the right worry about the collapse of the family.

The vast majority of women would prefer to have a partner who does his bit both financially

and domestically. But they would rather do without one than team up with a layabout, which

may be all that is on offer: American men without jobs spend only half as much time on

housework and caring for others as do women in the same situation, and much more time

watching television.

Hence is the unravelling of working-class families. The two-parent family, still the norm

among the elite, is vanishing among the poor. In rich countries the proportion of births outside

marriage has trebled since 1980, to 33%. In some areas where traditional manufacturing has

collapsed, it has reached 70% or more. Children raised in broken homes learn less at school,

are more likely to drop out and earn less later on than children from intact ones. They are also

not very good at forming stable families of their own.

These two sides often talk past each other. But their explanations are not contradictory:

both economics and social change are to blame, and the two causes reinforce each other.

Moreover, these problems are likely to get worse. Technology will disrupt more industries,

creating benefits for society but rendering workers who fail to update their skills redundant.

The OECD, a think-tank, predicts that the absolute number of single-parent households will

continue to rise in nearly all rich countries. Boys who grow up without fathers are more likely

to have trouble forming lasting relationships, creating a cycle of male dysfunction.

In what ways do poorly-educated men in rich countries suffer?
What impacts do the shrinking job opportunities for men have on families?
What are the usual drawbacks for children raised in broken homes?

三、 Writing (30 %)

China will gradually postpone its statutory retirement age, as its workforce retires the

earliest in the world, said an official on Wednesday.

The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security is set to publicize a reform plan on

postponing the statutory retirement age, said minister Yin Weimin.

Currently, people retire aged no more than 55, compared to the mid-60s of many other

countries, Yin noted.

The reform plan will postpone the retirement age “step by step until it reaches a

reasonable level,” according to Yin.

What is your opinion about this?

Write an essay of about 400 words to express your views on the topic.

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翻译硕士英语2016（211）

Section 1 Multiple choice (20%)

Section 2 Answering questions (20%)

三、 Writing (30 %)

目录