翻译硕士英语2018（211）【试题+答案】

2018年山东大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解

I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%)

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best

completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.

1. Although in his seventies at the time of the interview, Picasso proved alert and insightful, his faculties - despite

the inevitable toll of the years.

A. atrophied

B. diminished

C. intact

D. useless

【答案】C

【解析】句意：虽然在采访的时候，毕加索都已经七十岁了，但是他展现出了很好的警觉和洞察力，这证明了尽

管经历了艰难岁月他仍存留着完整的才能。intact完整的。atrophied萎缩的。diminished减弱的。useless无效的。

因此，本题的正确答案是C。

2. While the 1940s are most noted for the development of black modern dance, they are also because they were

the last gasp for tap dancing.

A. irrelevant

B. unfounded

C. significant

D. speculative

【答案】C

【解析】句意：20世纪40年代以黑人现代舞蹈最为著名，但他们也是重要的，因为他们是踢踏舞的最后希望。

significant 重要的。irrelevant无关的。unfounded无根据的。speculative推测的。因此，本题的正确答案是C。

3. People who take mega doses of vitamins and minerals should take care: though beneficial in small quantities, in large

amounts these substances may have effects.

A. admirable

B. redundant

C. intangible

D. toxic

【答案】D

【解析】句意：服用大剂量维他命和矿物质的人需要小心：虽小剂量对身体有益，但大剂量的这类物质可能会发

生中毒反应。toxic有毒的。admirable钦佩的。redundant多余的。intangible无形的。因此，本题的正确答案是D。

4. The number of black hawks has because the encroachments of humans on their territory have caused them to

shun their customary breeding places

A. dwindled

B. extrapolated

C. increased

D. multiplied

【答案】A

【解析】句意：黑鹰的数量已经在减少，因为人类侵占了他们的栖息地，使得他们逃离了自已习惯的繁殖地。

dwindle减少。extrapolate推断。increase增加。multiply繁殖。因此，本题的正确答案是A。

5. Although Britain’s film makers often produce fine films, they are studiously - and rarely aim at a mass market.

A. commercial

B. viable

C. derivative

D. elitist

【答案】D

【解析】句意：尽管英国的电影公司经常创作优良的电影，但他们目的是为了服务精英阶层，很少瞄准大众市场。

elitist精英。commercial商业的。viable可行的。derivative派生的。因此，本题的正确答案是D。

6. MacDougal’s former editors remember him as a cantankerous man whose _ and exhaustive reporting was worth

the trouble.

A. meticulous

B. pretentious

C. supercilious

D. garbled

【答案】A

【解析】句意：麦克杜格尔以前的编辑认为他是一个牢骚满腹的人，但他严谨详尽的报告值得为其费心。meticulous

一丝不苟的。pretentious自以为是的。supercilious傲慢自大的。garbled混乱不清的。因此，本题的正确答案是A。

7. The opossum is . the venom of snakes in the rattlesnake subfamily and thus views the reptiles not as lethal

enemies but as a food source.

A. vulnerable to

B. conscious of

C. impervious to

D. sensitive to

【答案】C

【解析】句意：响尾蛇亚家族的毒蛇汁液对负鼠起不了作用，因此负鼠把爬行动物视作食物来源，而非致命的敌

人。vulnerable to 易受到。conscious of 意识到。impervious to 不受影响。sensitive to 对敏感。因此，本题的

正确答案是C。

8. Breaking with established musical conventions, Stravinsky was -_ composer whose heterodox works infuriated

the traditionalists of his day

A. a derivative

B. an iconoclastic

C. an uncontroversial

D. a venerated

【答案】B

【解析】句意：史特拉汶斯基是一个反传统的作曲家，他背离了既有的音乐传统，他的异端作品也激怒了当时的

传统派。iconoclastic反传统的。derivative衍生的。uncontroversial争议不大的。venerated尊敬的。因此，本题的

正确答案是B。

9. Acode of ethics governing the behavior of physicians during epidemics did not exist until 1846 when it was by

the American Medical Association.

A. rescinded

B. promulgated

C. presupposed

D. depreciated

【答案】B

【解析】句意：直到1846年，关于流行病期间的医生行为道德准则才由美国医药协会颁布。promulgate颁布。

rescind废除。presuppose推测。depreciate贬值。因此，本题的正确答案是B。

1. China will continue to to control population growth and improve the living standard of Chinese people.

A. stride

B. contrive

C. strive

D. stripe

【答案】C

【解析】句意：中国会继续致力于控制人口增长及提升中国人民的生活水平。strive努力。stride大步。contrive

策划。stripe条纹。因此，本题的正确答案是C。

11. The critics were distressed that an essayist of such glowing -_ could descend to writing such dull, uninteresting

prose.

A. obscurity

B. ill-repute

C. shallowness

D. promise

【答案】D

【解析】句意：评论家担忧的是这样一位前程似锦的散文家可能会堕落到撰写如此沉闷无聊的诗歌的境地。

promise希望。obscurity嗨涩。ill-repute名誉败坏。shallowness 肤浅。因此，本题的正确答案是D。

12. Famous in her time and then forgotten, the 17th-century Dutch painter Judith Leyster was obscurity when, in

1993, the Worcester Art Museum organized the first retrospective exhibition of her work.

A. resigned to

B. rewarded with

C. rescued from

D. indifferent to

【答案】C

【解析】句意：17世纪的荷兰画家朱迪思·莱斯特一度声名起又回归沉寂，而在1993年由伍斯特艺术博物馆

为其举办的作品回顾展览上，她又重回了人们的视线。rescuefrom从…救出。resignto委托。rewardwith用….

回报。indifferentto漠不关心。因此，本题的正确答案是C。

13. The testimony of eyewitnesses is notoriously -_; emotion and excitement all too often cause our minds to distort

what we see.

A. judicious

B. interdependent

C. credible

D. unreliable

【答案】D

【解析】句意：众所周知，证人的证词是不可靠的；情绪和刺激经常会扭曲我们所看到的图像。unreliable不可

信的。judicious 明智的。interdependent互相依赖的。可信的。因此，本题的正确答案是D。

14. Although Henry was not in general a sentimental man, occasionally he would feel a touch of for the old days

and would contemplate making a brief excursion to Boston to revisit his childhood friends.

A. anxiety

B. chagrin

C. nostalgia

D. lethargy

【答案】C

【解析】句意：尽管亨利算不上是多愁善感的人，但他偶尔会怀念往日时光，并打算去波士顿短途问候他的童年

挚友。nostalgia怀旧。anxiety焦虑。chagrin噢恼。lethargy死气沉沉。因此，本题的正确答案是C。

15. We had not realized how much people appreciated the library’s old borrowing policy until we received complaints

once it had been

A. superseded

B. continued

C. imitated

D. administered

【答案】A

【解析】句意：在旧的规定被废弃时我们收到了许多投诉，在此之前我们未曾意识到人们对图书馆过去的借书政

策有多少了解。supersede取代。continue继续。imitate模仿。administer管理。因此，本题的正确答案是A。

16. During the Dark Ages, hermits and other religious -. fled the world to devote themselves to silent contemplation

A. renegades

B. skeptics

C. altruists

D. recluses

【答案】D

【解析】句意：在黑暗时代，隐居修道者和其他宗教隐士远离俗世，投入到潜心冥想中。recluse隐士。renegade

叛徒。skeptic无神论者。altruistic 利他主义者。因此，本题的正确答案是A。

17. No real life hero of ancient or modern days can surpass James Bond with his nonchalant disregard of death and the

. with which he bears torture.

A. distress

B. fortitude

C. guile

D. terror

【答案】B

【解析】句意：无论是古代还是现代，没有一个现实里的英雄可以超过詹姆士·邦德，因为他漠视个人安危，而

且面对困难时坚韧不拔。fortitude坚韧。distress 忧虑。guile狡猬。terror恐怖。因此，本题的正确答案是B。

18. Even though the basic organization of the brain does not change after birth, details of its structure and function

remain for some time, particularly in the cerebral cortex.

A. plastic

B. immutable

C. essential

D. unavoidable

【答案】A

【解析】句意：尽管人出生后的大脑基本构造不会变化，但大脑的组织细节和功能在出生后的一段时间内仍是可

塑的，尤其是在大脑皮层的位置。plastic 可塑的。immutable不变的。essential关键的。unavoidable不可避免的。

因此，本题的正确答案是A。

19. Lavish in visual beauty, the film Lawrence of Arabia also boasts of style: it knows how much can be shown in

a shot, how much can be said in a few words.

A. extravagance

B. economy

C. autonomy

D. frivolity

【答案】B

【解析】句意：电影《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》有着奢华的视觉美，也以简约风格自夸：它知道一个镜头能展示出多少，

用几句话就能说多少。economy经济，节约。extravagance奢侈。autonomy自治。frivolity轻浮。因此，本题的

正确答案是B。

20. Unlike the highly emotional Romantic poets of the previous century, Arnold and his fellow Victorian poets were

and interested in moralizing.

A. lyrical

B. distraught

C. didactic

D. strange

【答案】C

【解析】句意：与上个世纪情感丰富的浪漫主义诗人不同，阿诺德和他的维多利亚时代的诗人同行们热衷于道德

说教。lyrical情诗调的，感情丰富的。didactic说教的，教悔的。distraught发狂的，心烦意乱的。strange奇怪

的，陌生的。因此，本题的正确答案是C。

II. Reading Comprehension (40%)

Section 1Multiple choice (20%)

Directions: In this section there are two reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and

then mark your answers on your answer sheet.

Passage A

In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent

years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for

the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary,

difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship

concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged. An example is Johann Bachofen’s 1861 treatise on Amazons,

women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece.

Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued

that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in

the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customs-societies in which descent and property

Herodotus, the Greek “historian’ of the fifth century B. C., who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where

the women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in

battle.

Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one

begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies

were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather to offer “moral

lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized; for

example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented

not as those of a respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices.

Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, to teach

both male and female Greeks that all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and

composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society. Bachofen was

thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell

contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as gravestones, wills, and

marriage contracts. Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive

our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths.

21. All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern

cultures EXCEPT

A. partial completeness

B. restricted accessibility

C. difficulty of interpretation

D. limited quantity

22. Which of the following is presented in the passage as evidence supporting the author’s view of the ancient Greeks’

descriptions of the Amazons?

A. The requirement that Sauromatae women kill in battle before marrying

B. The failure of historians to verify that women were ever governors of ancient societies

C. The classing of Amazons with giants and centaurs

D. The well-established unreliability of Herodotus as a source of information about ancient societies

23. It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a

society ruled by women could best characterized as .

A. confused and dismayed

B. wary and hostile

C. cynical and disinterested

D. curious but fearful

24. The author suggests that the main reason for the persisting influence of Bachofen’s work is that.

A. feminists have shown little interest in ancient societies

B. Bachofen’s knowledge of Amazonian culture is unparalleled

C. reliable information about the ancient world is difficult to acquire

D. ancient societies show the best evidence of women in positions of power

25. The author’s attitude toward Bachofen’s treatise is best described as one of.

A. qualified approval

B. profound ambivalence

C. studied neutrality

D. pointed disagreement

【答案与解析】

21. B 定位第一段第二句“…sources are restricted in number, fragmentary， difficult to interpret， and often

contradictory.”即可得出答案。

22. C 由第三段第二句可知，作者在说古希腊人对这样的社会的描述是如此的刻薄，紧接着第三句就举例亚马

逊经常被塑造成巨人或半人马，希腊英雄杀死敌人的等价物。

23. B 文章第二段第一句提出“Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of

historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies.”从神话和传说至少保留

了一个历史事实的核心的前提出发，巴霍芬认为妇女在许多古代社会中占统治地位。以及最后一句提出

“…where the women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she

hadkilledaperson inbattle.”在那里，妇女们狩猎、打仗。在这个社会里，妇女只有在战斗中杀死一个人

时才被允许结婚。由此可推断知，在古希腊，男性对于女性的统治地位是谨慎、友善的。

24. C文章第一段第二句提出“…premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number,

fragmentary，difficultto interpret，andoftencontradictory.”但前现代文化研究已被证明更为困难：资料来源的

数量有限、支离破碎、难以解释，而且往往相互矛盾。由此可知，坚持巴霍芬作品影响的主要原因是关

于古代世界的可靠信息很难获取。故选C。

25.D文章最后一段最后一句提出“Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are

when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths. ” 对这

类文献的研究已经开始表明，当我们试图仅从文学来源，尤其是神话中得出我们对古代世界的看法时，

我们是多么的错误。由此可知，作者对巴霍芬论文的观点持尖锐的反驳态度。故选D。

Passage B

By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Such

variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in

nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental

experience.

Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste,

methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to

demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the

quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the

developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly

disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are

According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious

sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence

for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a

conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual

sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed

slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural

correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable

than any of the minute differences.

However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value. Studies showed that sensations as

diverse as those of red, black, green, and white, or touch, cold, warmth, movement, pain, posture, and pressure

apparently may arise through activation of the same cortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential

patterning effects in the brain excitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short,

brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relatively homogeneous nerve-cell

units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses through homogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple

dimensions of mental experience psychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning

of nerve impulses.

26. The author suggests that, by 1950, attempts to correlate mental experience with brain processes would probably have

been viewed with

A. indignation

B. impatience

C. pessimism

D. indifference

27. The author mentions “common currency” (underlined) primarily in order to emphasize the ..

A. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings

B. similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience

C. similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system

D. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system

28. According to the passage, some evidence exists that the area of the cortex activated by a sensory stimulus determines

which of the following?

a. The nature of the nerve impulse

b. The modality of the sensory experience

c. Qualitative differences within a modality

A. b only

B. c only

C. a and b only

D. b and c only

29. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s opinion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain

determine perceptions produced by sensory nerve impulses?

A. It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.

B. It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.

C. It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are physiologically very similar.

D. There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.

30. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitative variation?

A. Nerve cells

B. Nerve impulses

C. Cortical areas

D. Spatial patterns of nerve impulses

【答案与解析】

沮丧。由此可知，作者对此事的态度是消极悲观的。故选C。

27.A文章第二段第四句提出“Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the

doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially

能量之间的质性差异从未被严格地证明不成立，但这一学说却被普遍抛弃，转而支持相反的观点，即神

经冲动在质量上是同质的，并且以一致的时效在整个神经系统中传播。由此可知，就是为了强调因为人

类的神经冲动同质均匀，所以提及了“commoncurrency”。故选A。

28.A 文章倒数第二段倒数第二句提出“…that is,a visual sensation from the visual cortex,an auditory sensation from

theauditorycortex，and soon.”也就是说,从视觉皮层产生视觉,听觉皮层产生听觉,等等。由此可知，决定

了感觉体验的形态。故选A。

29. D 文章倒数第二段最后两句提出“In one experiment…Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,

number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were

concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any

of the minute differences.”在一个实验里.其他的实验揭示了神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接

的细微变化，但就心理神经联系而言，这些感觉区域彼此之间的明显相似性似乎比任何细微的差异都要

显著得多。由此可知，是有证据证明此结论，但是未能解释心理体验的多样性。故选D。

30. B 文章第二段第四句提出“…that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality…”神经冲动在质量上

基本同质。故选B。

Section 2Answering questions (20%)

Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each

youranswer sheet.

Questions 1-3

IN APRIL Kumon, a Japanese firm opened a tuition centre in Small Heath, a poor district of Birmingham. Its

lessons are fairly cheap: about f55 (s88) a month for twice-weekly English and maths classes and homework. As in

many of Kumon’s 680 British outfits, its clients are diverse. Many are south Asian; a few are eastern European; none is

white and British.

In much of Europe, pupils from many ethnic minorities linger at the bottom of the heap, says Chris Hamnett of

King’s College London. That used to be true in Britain too-but not anymore. Every ethnic-minority group that trails

white Britons in GCSE exams, normally taken at 16, is catching up. Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites;

now they do better. Indians have maintained a huge lead. All this despite the fact that ethnic minorities are poorer than

average. Control for that, by looking at pupils who are entitled to free school meals, and all ethnic -minority groups now

do well.

But some fare better than others. One difference is imported social capital: Indians, who were middle-class when

they arrived in Britain, have lots. Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, who often came from rural parts of their homelands, have

less. Tenure in Britain matters too. Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system.

Better-established folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. A few are in a sweet spot in

between.

Bangladeshis certainly seem to be. They arrived in large numbers from the 197Os and are now settled, largely in

the Collective of Bangladeshi School Governors was set up in the London borough of Tower Hamlets, where a fifth of

Britain’s Bangladeshis live. Shahanur Khan, its chairman, encourages parents to get involved in local schools. Parents

are increasingly pushy: one mother recently complained to him that her children were not getting enough homework.

Bangladeshis. And they struggle. Many parents came as asylum-seekers and speak little English. Just one in ten Somalis

is in full-time work. But their children are faring better, along with other black Africans. In Lambeth, a borough of

London, 61 % of Somali pupils got five good GCSEs last year, up from 11 % in 2007. Schools employ Somali teaching

students. And, increasingly, parents pay for extra tuition.

That is another reason black and Asian children are doing better. Saturday schools have long been common, but

parents are increasingly turning to private tutors. In a survey of 11- to 16-year-olds by the Sutton Trust, an education

charity, 45% of Asian children said they received some kind of private tuition compared with 20% of white pupils.

Another study suggests that Somalis are more likely to receive tuition than average, too. Supply has increased along with

demand. Karamat Iqbal, director of Forward Partnership, an education consultancy in Birmingham, sees growing

numbers of Pakistani graduates, who themselves attended British schools, working as tutors.

Black Caribbeans, a long-established group, are doing better but not dramatically so. They have mostly lost

immigrant zeal: many doubt that education will make much difference to their chances in life, suggests Steve Strand, a

professor of education at Oxford University. And some teachers may be conflating bad behavior (last year black

Caribbean boys were over four times more likely to be excluded from school than Bangladeshi boys) with a lack of

aptitude. Afro-Caribbeans are less likely to be entered into higher tiers for exams where they could obtain the best

grades.

Job prospects for ethnic minorities are not yet improving commensurately with their school results. Despite their

success in exams, Mr. Khan worries that Bangladeshi students are choosing “easy”’ A-levels, such as sociology and

psychology, which limit their options. Pakistani pupils in Birmingham are doing better, says Mr. Iqbal, but too many are

still driving taxis and running corner shops or cheap restaurants.

Still, blacks and especially Asians are edging their way into the professions. Fully 2,087 British Pakistanis started

studying law at university in 2011, up from 478 in 2000. Some of those long-held ambitions are now being realized.

1. What does the article mainly talk about?

2. In what ways do the minority ethnic groups in Britain differ from each other?

3. Please describe briefly the Somalis in Britain.

【答案与解析】

1. Because of Kumon, a Japanese tuition center opened in poor district of Birmingham, students of many ethnic

minorities can receive better education, but job prospects for them are not yet improving commensurately with their

schoolresults.

（根据文章内容总结文章大意。）

2. (1) In GCSE exams, Bangladeshis used to perform worse than whites; now they do better. Indians have maintained a

huge lead.

(2) Imported social capital: Indians, who were middle-class when they arrived in Britain, have lots. Bangladeshis and

Pakistanis, who often came from rural parts of their homelands, have less.

(3) Tenure: Newcomers have immigrant aspirations but suffer from not understanding the system. Better-established

folk know how things work, but may have lost some of their ambition. A few are in a sweet spot in between.

Bangladeshis arrived in large numbers from the 197Os and are now settled, largely in London. Plenty are still poor:

half fall into the lowest income quintile, and they not only understand the system but are shaping it. Somalis

arrived much more recently. And they struggle.

(4) Private tutors: Asian children said they received some kind of private tuition; Somalis are more likely to receive

tuition than average, too.

（根据文章第二至第六段归纳出各民族存在的差异。）

3. Somalis arrived much more recently. Many parents came as asylum-seekers and speak little English. 61% of Somali

pupils got five good GCSEs.

（根据文章第五段内容概括出英国索马里人的特征。）

Questions 4-5

Before Michael Pollan came along, eating as a form of politics was a fringe activity. Dubbed the “liberal foodie

intellectual’ by the New York Times, the American activist and author has spent the last two decades writing bestselling

books, such as “In Defence of Food”’ and “The Omnivore’s Dilemma”, in an effort to popularize cooking and highlight

the defects of the food industry and the rich world’s bad eating habits.

Mr. Pollan’s latest book, “Cooked”, is divided into four sections: fire, water, air and earth. Although something of

an authorly conceit, these divisions allow him to explore a range of culinary topics from the joy of making souffles that

rise to why bacteria are needed in fermentation. He also returns to a conundrum he has previously described as the

cooking or watching cookery programmes on television.

Mr. Pollan explores the same way a naturalist might, by studying the animals, plants and microbes involved in

cooking, and delving into history, culture and chemistry. With help from experts he masters the “whole hog” barbecue, a

loaf of bread and the cooking pot. He describes the remarkable transformations that take place in the humble saucepan,

where fibres are broken down, seeds softened and rendered edible, plants detoxified, and flavors brought together from

far-flung taxonomic kingdoms.

Side by side with Mr Pollan the naturalist is the author as activist. Although the fruit and vegetable areas of

supermarkets have grown ever bigger over the past two decades, cooking; has expanded to take in heating up a tin of

soup, micro waving ready-meals and frozen pizzas or breaking open a bag of mixed lettuce leaves. Mr. Pollan places

great emphasis on the work of Harry Balzer, an expert on food, diet and eating patterns in America. Collecting data from

I thousands of food diaries, Mr. Balizer concludes that, since the 198Os, fewer and fewer people have been cooking their

evening meal.

Mr. Pollan is keen for this trend to be reversed and his book is a hymn to why people should be enticed back into

the kitchen. Cooking, he believes, creates bonds between humans and the web of living creatures that sustain and nourish

them. Turning away from this means that foods that are tasty and healthy (as bread once was) are being taken off the

menu with far-reaching consequences. Industrialy produced food almost always trades in quality ingredients for higher

amounts of sugar, salt and fat-with a corresponding rise in levels of obesity.

Before refrigeration, bad food often killed people. Bacteria, such as E. coli, occasionally still do. In recent decades a

great deal of research has been done on the array of good microbes humans carry within them and which they need in

order to stay healthy. Cooked is particularly informative about the rapidly moving scientific frontier of microbial

ecology and how, in a post-Pasteurian world, the live-culture foods which used to make up a large part of the human diet

are good for people and for the microbes that live inside the gut.

The book dwells on fermented foods, for example. These have largely vanished from supermarkets but many

cultures have developed such specialties, including Malaysian tempoyak, (fermented durian fruit), Russian kefir and

Mexican pozole. Even bread, cheese and chocolate all depend on harnessing the power of microbes. These invisible

forces travel alongs ide humans, Mr. Pollan says, in a “dance of biocultural symbios is”, cleverly transforming, sterilizing

or even adding nutrients.

Mr. Pollan recognizes that cooking today is very different from what it was in his grandmother’s time, and that

decades from now even a limited desire to cook may be seen as quaint. This would be a shame. Real cooking allows

people to create, to put their own values into food, to escape the industrialized eating that has created health crises all

over the world. Cooking is part of being human. The alternative is to evolve into passive consumers of standardized

commodities that promise more than they deliver. Best of all, argues Mr. Pollan, cooking makes people happy.

4. Please describe briefly Mr. Pollan’s attitude towards cooking.

5. Why can Mr. Pollan be called a naturalist?

【答案】

4. Cooking, he believes, creates bonds between humans and the web of living creatures. Real cooking allows people to

create, to put their own values into food, to escape the industrialized eating. Cooking is part of being human and

makes people happy.

（由文章第五段和最后一段内容可提炼出Pollen对于烹饪的态度。）

5. Mr. Pollan explores the same way a naturalist might, by studying the animals, plants and microbes involved in cooking,

and delving into history, culture and chemistry. Cooking, he believes, creates bonds between humans and the web of

living creatures that sustain and nourish them and industrially produced food almost always trades in quality

ingredients for higher amounts of sugar, salt and fat-with a corresponding rise in levels of obesity. The book dwells on

fermented foods, for example.

（由文章第三段内容可总结出问题答案。）

III Writing (30%)

John B. Watson (American psychologist) once said: “The first aim of a good college is not to teach books, but the

meaning and purpose of life. Hard study and the learning of books are only a means to this end. We develop power and

schooling is wasted.”

How much do you agree with him? Why or why not?

Write an essay of about 400 words to express your views on the topic.

【参考范文】

The Aim of a Good College

Traditionally, you would think of college as a place to study and make good grades. However, with the rapid

development of the Internet, people’s living environment has undergone tremendous changes. How will the functions of

universities evolve? What kind of talents does the society need? What is the ultimate meaning of college? As the

American psychologist has said, I think I totally agree with him. My views will be stated as follows:

Firstly, the fundamental purpose of a good college is to impart knowledge to students. Some may contend that

compulsory education has provided adequate knowledge for students; however, in face of the society where talents are

valued, learning should never come to a stop. As a matter of fact, university time is a precious period during which one’s

knowledge could be widened and deepened to a larger extent. Not only will one get exposed to various disciplines, but

also he or she will form a solid foundation for later career. It is worthwhile to mention that the way that knowledge

taught by college teachers is totally different from that of high school students. Teaching method in college is crucial.

Instead of being crammed, college students ought to take the initiative to absorb new knowledge on their own with

critical thinking patterns. They are not supposed to take it for granted what they receive from textbooks or professors.

Secondly but more importantly, the aim of a good college is to foster an all-around man. In other words, several

years’ of study is intended to shape such a person as being physically and mentally sound. In addition to being a good

place to study, college is also an ideal place to turn mature. When stepping into the college, one starts to integrate into

society. For the first time, he or she learns how to be independent, how to get along with others, how to handle troubles

alone and how to make choices. Unlike in high schools, college students are much freer and are capable of making use of

the time at their disposal. Therefore, their choices will ultimately determine what kind of person they will become and

what kind of life they will lead. This aim is even more demanding and quite difficult to fulfill.

In a word, attending college is not merely about to learn knowledge, but a way to be reborn”. The college is like a

stage which provides us with freedom and pursuit. On this stage, the role we play and the words we say are up to us.

Each of us should develop power, courage and determination in order to go out to achieve Truth, Wisdom and Justice.

Only in this way could college education be meaningful.

【范文点评】

本文围绕“一个好大学的培养目标”为题，分为四段展开叙述。第一段点明主题，随着时代的发展，生活发

生了日新月异的变化，大学培养人才的最终目标被重新审视。第二段指出大学教育的目的之一就是“传道授业解

惑”。第三段阐明大学教育的另一更为重要目标就是“育人”。最后一段总结全文，正如美国心理学家所言，学生

必须要有追求正义、真理和智慧的勇气和信心，如此，教育才算“功德圆满”。