翻译硕士英语2019（211）

山东大学

二○一九年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

科目代码211 科目名称翻译硕士英语

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I. Vocabulary and Grammar (30%)

Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and

(D) Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer

sheet.! an9vs m

Like foolish people who continue to live near an active volcano, many of us are

about the threat of atomic warfare and its attendant destruction.

(A) maleficent (B) unconcerned (C) adulatory(D) cheered

By communicating through pointing and making gestures, Charles was able to overcome

any. difficulties that arose during his recent trip to Japan.

(A) territorial(B) linguistic (C) plausible, (D) ambulatory

It is the task of the International Wildlife Preservation Commission to prevent endangered

species from becoming in order that future generations may enjoy the great

diversity of animal life.

(A) magnanimous(B) evolved(C) extinct (D) somniferous

The Roman Emperor Claudius was viewed with by generations of historians

until newly discovered evidence showed him to be a capable administrator.

(A) suspicion (B) disdain (C) antagonism (D) indignation

Communities in primitive areas where natural is scarce must be resourceful in

order to secure adequate nutrition.

(A) education (B)competition (C) sustenance (D) agriculture

Anthony’s. expression masked an essentially cheerful nature.

(A)jubilant (B) serene (C) dour (D) pert

His for his loyal support of the party was a seat in the Cabinet.

(A) recompense ig (B) reward fl (C) repayment (D) compensation

Old friends like tooi about the good old days.

(A) reminisce (B) recollect 10g (C) recall ? (D) retain

Analysts’ earnings forecasts have a negligible effect on a company’s share price, according

to new research that will raise further doubts over stock-pickers’ ability to move markets. The

underlined word is a synonym of

(A) particular (B) inappreciable (C) peculiar (D) inattentive

Some people are really lucky because they can every caprice and lay their hands

On almost every object of desire. .

Since children are more vulnerable and impressionable than adults, shaming messages

synonym of

5d 0) 2l (A) libidinous (B) lascivious (C) unconscionable (D) suggestible

I was not gituij curious about Greek, Latin, mathematics and the other knowledge

required by the standardization of that day. 3i

e13. Professor Yang’s article was unusually ln!, but its brevity did not conceal the

importance of her discovery.olcidono1sis

While industry in the late twentieth century believed itself generous in its treatment of

laborers, Cesar Chavez made a career of revealing the experienced by’ farm

workers.1

) (A) injustices (B) satisfaction (C) challenges (D) relationships

The judge proposed several means’ of settling the case, but the defendant

resolved to subvert the government’s authority and refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of

the court.

scholarly career as a historian noted for her vivid style and prodigious erudition.

(A) interrupted (B) relinquished(C) abandoned ’ (D) pursued

The systems analyst hesitated to talk to strangers about her highly specialized work,

(A) intriguing (B) derivative(C) frivolous (D) esotericWjs)

I018. In Victorian times, countless Egyptian mummies were ground up to produce dried

ailments.

Booeued ( odas () onisodsip (@) sxon (v) uciei

chemicals

Y to prevent their evaporation. iJLil slo

Despite a whole night’s emergency treatment, the boy’s condition is’still critical and his life

ICis now hanging by a

(A) thread ii (B) cord (C) string(D) rope

II. Reading Comprehension (30%) )

Directions: In this section there are three reading passages followed by multiple-choice.

questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.g (A)

kiedaailubersidaioiaaororhneldsrerdovonuegsthiinsyome.l

Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be

coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of

biological functions must closely match periodic eyents like the solar day, the tides, the lunar

cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for

the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has

been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the

constantly changing levels of an animals activity—sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing,

metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example—are well coordinated with

environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal’s schedule is driven by

external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers

that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept

the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and

certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic

cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal

daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus

Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting

in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues

attests to its having an internal clock.

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months their

Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent

rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for

weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those

measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm

whose period is approximately - but not exactly - a day is called circadian. For different

individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular

animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many

days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock’s period is one of its major features, even when

the organism’s. environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as

temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for

persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted,- either

experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal’s daily

internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are

shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this

mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for

several days or weeks until’certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the

organism’s clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

21.The experiment on the fungus Neurospora is mentioned to illustrate

(A) the existence of weekly periods of activity as well as daily ones

(B)the finding of evidence that organisms have internal clocks 薯实）

(D) the isolation of one part of an organisms cycle for study

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22.According to paragraph 1, all the following are generally assumed to be true EXCEPT

(A) Animal’s daily rhythms are more dependent on external cues than on internal clocks

(B) It is important for animals’ daily activities to be coordinated with recurring events in their

environment

(D) The relationship between biological function and environmental cycles is atopic of iuorje

intense research

Which of the following is true about the circadian periods of animals deprived of

environmental cues?

(A) They have the same length as the daily activity cycles of animals that are not deprived of

such cues

(B) They are not the same for all members of a single species

buvovo (H)anouinsngon (A)

(D) They become longer over time

What will an animal experience when its internal rhythms no longer correspond with the

daily cycle of the environment?

(A) Change in period of the internal rhythms

(D) Increased sensitivity to environmental factors

25.In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks by A

(A) listing the daily activities of an animal’s cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving reproducing, .g

metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones .

(B) describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clock

schedules are constant

(D) presenting cases in which an animal’s daily schedule remained stable despite lack of

environmental cuesot suiy unwolothogow

Passage 2

Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in

maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference” or equity as distinct from equality. They posit

that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in

the family and throughout society and that women’s pro-creative labor is currently undervalued

by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition

emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy,

while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing

and its attendant responsibilities.

Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement,

often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational

feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still

predominates among European and non Western feminists, lost ground in England and the

United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the

Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in

English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem

increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind

system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational

and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for al1 women, continued to

emphasize women’s special contributions to society, as homemakers and mothers; they

demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers,

state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.

Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological

and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used

to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying

the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as

hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many

women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be

harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for

contemporary feminist politics could emerge.

26.The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept of individual

rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order to

(A) illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more general intellectual trends

in English history

(B) explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English speaking

bs2.countries ota shn9g to aps

English-speaking countries

(D) account for the philosophical differences between individualist and relational feminists in

English-speaking countries

6j 27.According to the author, which of the following was true of feminist thought in Western

societies before 1890? sNnrenoursunhouepruiseovioovooow

(A) Individualist feminism was a strain in feminist thought, but another strain, relational

feminism, predominated.

(B) Relational and individualist approaches were equally prevalent in feminist thought and

s as Hwriting.tire leioz b

o) bsr less important than the welfare of children.

r(D) The predominant view among feminists held that the sexes should receive equal treatment

eni bsunder the law.i io i2oi

28.It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist feminist tradition denies the

validity of which of the following causal statements?

(A) A division of labor in a social group can result in increased efficiency with regard to the

performance of group tasks.s2aee0y L

(B) A division of labor in a social group causes inequities in the distribution of opportunities

and benefits among group members..

o(C) A division of labor on the basis of gender in a social group is necessitated by the existence

.H 1 of sex-linked biological differences between male and female members of the group. 3:

(D) Culturally determined distinctions based on gender in a social group foster the existence of

yi risl differing attitudes and opinions among group members. itirs igis.

sr 29.The author implies that which of the following was true of most feminist thinkers in

England and the United States after 1920?

(A) They were less concerned with politics than with intellectual issues.

(B) They called repeatedly for international cooperation among women’s groups to achieve

their goals.

societies.nyfn

(D) They did not attempt to unite the two different feminist approaches in their thought

n 30.According to the passage, relational feminists and individualist feminists agree that i 03

(A) individual human rights take precedence over most other social claims

(B) the same educational and economic opportunities should be available to both sexes (

(D) a greater degree of social awareness concerning the importance of motherhood would be

beneficial to society

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Passage 3

“I want to criticize the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense”. Virginia

Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloxvay has regularly

been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different

from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie

and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. But Virginia

Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a

visionary: literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

In her novels, Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of how individuals are shaped (or

deformed) by their social environments, how historical forces impinge on peoples lives, how

class, wealth, and gender help to determine people’s fates. Most of her novels are rooted in a

realistically rendered social setting and in a precise historical time.

2s Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognized because of her intense

antipathy to propaganda in art. The pictures of reformers in her novels are usually satiric or

sharply critical. Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes, she portrays

people anxious to reform their society and possessed of a message or program as arrogant or

dishonest, unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs. Her

Writers Diary notes: “the only honest people are the artists”, whereas “these social reformers

and philanthropists… harbor..: discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind.

Woolf detested what she called “preaching” in fiction, too, and criticized novelist D. H.

Lawrence (among others) for working by this method. 10i

Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in

direct commentary, since for her, fiction is a contemplative, not an active art. She describes

phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues: it is the

reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view

behind them. As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially

accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating,

bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer. As she put

it in The Common Reader, “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone

set upon another because, of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are

absorbing morality at every pore”. Like Chaucer, Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge,

to know her society root and branch — a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than

polemic.

(A) Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.

(B) Virginia Woolf: Critic and Commentator on the Twentieth-Century Novel

Novels.tru

(D) Virginia Woolf’s Novels: Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.

32.It can be inferred from the passage that Woolf chose Chaucer as a literary model because

she believed that

(A) Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on

individual charactersp

(B) Chaucer was an honest and forthright author, whereas novelists like D H. Lawrence did

not sincerely wish to change society

mores into questione (02/ w/iszi Jeubiv

(D) Chaucer’s writing was greatly, if subtly, effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his

readers. nt b.

33.It can be inferred from the passage that the most probable reason Woolf realistically

described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that shenllos gid

(A) was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic

of literary genres

(B) was interested in the effect of a persons social milieu on his or her character and actions

arguments she advanced in themi !

(D) wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any

way hamper the artist hril Yu s

anitaihlsuigolorovanbns

(A) consistent adherence to a position of lofty disdain when viewing the foibles of humanity

determine an individual’s fate

(D) refusal to indulge in polemic when presenting social mores to readers for their scrutiny

(B) Have literary critics ignored the social criticism inherent in the works of Chekhov and

Chauce?

writings?

(D) Was D. H. Lawrence’s as concerned as Woolf was with creating realistic settings for his

novels?

III. Summary (10%)

Directions: Write a summary to cover the important points of the following passages. Do not

put your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the summary, and limit your summary

atabout100-150words.

Flatfish, such as the flounder, are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral

symmetry (symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body’s midline are

mirror images). Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is

eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are

on the same side of the head. While in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults

share the same asymmetry, members of the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed

(both eyes on the left side of head) or right-eyed. In the waters between the United States

and Japan, the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left-eyed off the

United States West Coast, through about 70 percent left-eyed halfway between the United

States and Japan, to nearly 100 percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.

Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic rang a cline and

interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive, a response to

environmental differences. For the starry flounder this interpretation implies that a

geometric difference (between fish that are mirror images of one another) is adaptive, that

left-eyedness in the Japanese starry flounder has been selected for, which provokes a

perplexing questions: what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather

than on the other?

The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry

optic nerves, for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross, so that the right optic

nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa. This crossing introduces an

asymmetry, as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other. G. H. Parker reasoned

that if, for example, a flatfish’s left eye. migrated when the right optic nerve was on top,

there would be a twisting of nerves, which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For

starry flounders, then, the left-eyed variety would be selected against, since in a starry

flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.

The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is

almost exclusively left-eyed, and natural selection never promotes a purely less

advantageous variation. As other explanations proved equally untenable, biologists

concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and

right-eyedness, and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other

adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by

evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or

selectively neutral. As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference, however

striking, appears to be an evolutionary red herring.

IV. Writing (30%)

Perhaps the most valuable result of all education is the ability to make yourself do things you

have to do, when they ought to be done, whether you like it or not. ---Thomas Henry Huxley

Write an essay of no more than 400 words to express your views on the statement.

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翻译硕士英语2019（211）