10 月 MTI 测试诗经

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中国是诗的国度，而《诗经》是中国诗歌的源头。《诗经》三百零五篇，分《风》、《雅》、《颂》三部分。它们内容丰富，其中有先祖创业的颂歌，祭祀神鬼的乐章；也有贵族之间的宴饮交往，劳逸不均的怨愤；更有反映劳动、打猎、以及大量恋爱、婚姻、社会习俗方面的动人篇章。

China is well known for its poetry, with The Poetry The Book of Songs as the earliest work in the history of poetry. With 305 poems altogether, The Poetry is divided into three parts, including Feng, Ya and Song Feng (Ballads), Ya (Court Hymn) and Song (Eulogy). Rich in contents content, they include extols eulogies in appreciation of the achievements achieved by people’s ancestors, music works themed on worshiping divinities and ghosts, and also have works that describe the banquets of the aristocracy and resent on the imbalance between work and spare time. Moreover, there are also vivid chapters ballads in terms of depicting labor, hunting, love, marriage and social customs.

China is a land of poetry, and the very source of its poetic tradition is The Book of Songs, the oldest Chinese anthology that collects 305 poems dating back to the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC). They are divided into three sections: Feng (folk songs), Ya (court hymns) and Song (eulogies), and deal with a wide array of content, from odes to the founding fathers’ extraordinary achievements to music used in worship rituals for deities and spirits, from records of banquets among the aristocracy to expressions of resentment towards harsh labor imposed on the lower class. In addition, there are poems on labor and hunting, along with many engaging pieces that speak of courtship, marriage and social mores.

诗人立足现实而又执著不懈的精神，与儒家所提倡的积极进取的伦理风范相吻合，《诗经》因此被儒家奉为经典，影响了后世士大夫的诗歌观念。诗歌在很大程度上成为中国传统文人抒泄情感的一种主要途径，尤其是在自己的理想受到现实政治的阻碍时，文人就很自然地通过诗歌创作、通过抒情言志的方式宣泄愤懑。这就是孔子所谓“《诗》可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨”。

“兴”指通过诗歌激发联想与情感，“观”指观察社会风俗与政治得失，“群”指促进群体交流与和睦，“怨”指表达对时政的讽谏与批判。

As the poets’ philosophy of relying on realities and perseverance was in line with the positive ethical codes advocated by the Confucianism, The Poetry was designated by the Confucianism as a classic, which created an impact on later officials’ notions of poetry. To a great extent, poetry was a major way for ancient intellectuals of China to express their feelings. In particular, when they encountered political obstacles in the course of pursuing their aspirations, they would naturally vent their indignant feelings through writing poems in which the intellectuals they described their feelings and aspirations. This is what Confucius said, “ The Poetry can be appreciated, seen as a way of making friends and commented.” Poetry may serve to inspire, to reflect, to communicate and to complain.

The authors’ spirit of realism and persistence resonated with the Confucian ethical norms of self-improvement and enterprise. Therefore, the book was enshrined as a Confucian classic and exerted a profound influence on how scholar-officials in later generations perceived poetry. In ancient China, poetry served as scholars’ primary medium of expressing their emotions, and they naturally turned to poems as an outlet for their resentment and aspirations, particularly when their ideals were held back by real politics. As Confucius said, “The Book of Songs can inspire the mind, offer insight, foster social connection, and give voice to discontent.”

这一观点，使得中国传统文人在本质上都成为诗人，使得诗歌成为文人生活中不可缺少的一部分，使得诗歌成为一种个人抒情的手段，从而极大地促进了诗歌的发展，也引导了诗歌对现实人生的深刻关注。《诗经》的流传不衰表明，诗歌从来都不只是聚散悲欢的个人抒写，同时也是时代风貌的深度展示，甚至是时代进步的重要推力。

This view ensured that traditional Chinese intellectuals became poets in essence, the poetry became an indispensable part of their lives and a means to express one’s their feelings, thus greatly promoting the development of poetry and arousing poets’ attention to real life. The consistent popularity of The Poetry indicates that poetry is not only a description of individuals themselves all long, but also an in-depth show of conditions in an era and even an important driver of progress in an era.

Inspired by this perspective, virtually all traditional Chinese scholars turned into poets, and poetry emerged as an indispensable part of their lives and a means to convey personal emotions. This tradition also boosted the development of poetry and directed its focus to the realities of life. In fact, the enduring popularity of the Book of Songs indicates that poetry is never simply a record of personal stories and emotions; it is a window into the ethos of the times and even a vital driver of its progress.

《诗经》关注现实的热情、强烈的政治和道德意识、真诚积极的人生态度，为后人所继承和发扬，被概括为“风雅”精神。后世文人常在理论和实际中自觉抵制个人趣味，抵制诗歌中的形式主义倾向。自唐以后，历朝历代都有以“风雅”为旨趣的诗歌革新运动，并产生较大的社会影响。以上种种原因，使得“风雅”在传统文化里成为评价诗歌的最高标准。

The Poetry paid attention to the realistic enthusiasm, strong political and moral sense, and the sincere and positive attitude towards life, which were passed on and developed by later generations and were generalized into the philosophy of “fengya”. In both theory and reality, later intellectuals often opposed individual interests in both theory and reality, and the tendency of formalism in poetry. Since the Tang Dynasty, there has been reformatory movements against poetry in every dynasty, which aimed to foster “fengya” and exerted great influence on society. For all these reasons, “fengya” it was seen as the highest standard to appraise a poem in the traditional culture.

Ardent attention to reality, strong political and moral awareness, and sincere and positive attitudes towards life - these qualities embodied in The Book of Songs were enriched and refined over the following centuries into the spirt of elegance. In both theory and practice, scholars of subsequent generations consciously avoided personal preferences and resisted formalism in poetic creation. From the Tang Dynasty onward, movements aimed at cultivating this aesthetic ideal in poetry arose in every dynasty, generating tremendous social impact. For these reasons, elegance turned into the highest standard for evaluating poetry in traditional Chinese culture.