Understanding NOTES 译法要领与句法精析
时政文献翻译实践时政文献翻译概论
一、时政文献/党政文献的内涵与特色
讲话、文稿、白皮书、政府公告政策等文件；词汇上——术语多，词缀化抽象名词多如“化、性、型、力”，范畴类名词多“情况、局面、水平、因素、业务、状态”句法上——主语省略、连动句多、主谓结构、流水句、并列句、长句多修辞上——多样化的修辞策略，“群众语言”风格各类术语表格
二、时政文献翻译的原则与策略
低碳发展 Low-carbon development 供给侧结构性改革 Supply-side structural reform 经济全球化 Economic globalization 生态红线 Ecological red lines 资源配置 Resource allocation 爱国统一战线 Patriotic united front 中国特色社会主义 Socialism with Chinese characteristics 小康社会:指经济富裕、政治民主、文化繁荣、社会公平、生态良好….. A moderately prosperous society in all respects 决胜全面建成~：secure a decisive victory in building …人才强国战略 The strategy on developing a quality workforce 建设制造强国/贸易强国 To build China into a manufacturer of quality/a trader of quality Chinese-English Translation Understanding Contemporary China 2023年2月1日 10:58
建设人才强国 Make China a talent-strong country 实现农业大国向农业强国跨越 To transform China from a country with high agricultural output to one with a leading edge in agriculture ~~坚定不移“打虎”、“拍蝇”、“猎狐”。 We have taken firm action to “take out tigers”, “swat flies”, and “hunt down foxes”. take out to remove it permanently除掉 swat v. /swɒt/ [ VN] to hit sth, especially an insect, using your hand or a flat object 拍，打（昆虫等） hunt sb down to search for sb until you catch or find them, especially in order to punish or harm them 追捕，缉捕（某人） ~~巡视利剑作用彰显，实现中共和省级党委巡视全覆盖。 Disciplinary inspections have cut like a blade through corruption and misconduct; they have covered every Party committee in all departments at the central and provincial levels. ~~坚持照镜子、正衣冠、洗洗澡、治治病的要求，开展党的群众路线教育实践活动和“三严三实”专题教育。 We have committed to “examining ourselves in the mirror, tidying our attire, taking a bath, and treating our ailments”, launched the activities to see members command and act on the Party’s mass line坚持党的群众路线and initiated a campaign for the observance of the Three Guidelines for Ethical Behaviour and Three Basic Rules of Conduct. atátire n. /əˈtaɪə(r)/ [ U] ( formal ) clothes 服装；衣服dressed in formal evening attire 穿着晚礼服 An ailment is an illness, especially one that is not very serious. 小病坚持……要求：have committed to doing 【背景】三严三实是“既严以修身、严以用权、严以律己；又谋事要实、创业要实、做人要实”。2014年3月9日，习近平总书记在参加安徽代表团审议时提出的“三严、三实”，是党的领导干部的为官之道和行为准则，为做好新形势下干部工作提供了重要遵循。 ~~我反复讲，鞋子合不合脚，只有穿的人才知道。中国特色社会主义制度好不好、优越不优越，中国人民最清楚，也最有发言权。 I have often said that only the wearer of the shoes knows if they fit or not. The Chinese people know best whether the Chinese socialist system suits the country or not. Understanding Contemporary China Chinese-English Translation 时政文献翻译实践
一、中国特色社会主义最本质的特征和…制度的最大优势
术语
领导核心 The core leadership; core role in providing overall leadership 两个确立 Two Affirmations 确立习近平同志党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，确立习近平新时代中国特色社会主义的指导地位。The Party has affirmed Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era 两个维护 Two Upholds 坚决维护习近平总书记党中央的核心、全党的核心地位，坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导To uphold General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the CPC Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and uphold the Central Committee’s authority and its centralized, unified leadership. 四个意识 Four Consciousnesses 政治▲意识、大局意识、核心意识、看齐意识To maintain political commitment政治忠诚/maintain political integrity/ɪnˈteɡrəti/廉洁奉公, think in terms of the general picture, follow the core leadership of the CPC Central Committee and act in concordance with its requirements 四个自信 Four-sphere Confidence sphere an area of activity, influence, or interest; particular section of society; domain; 政界the political ~ 中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信confidence in the path, theory, system and culture of socialism with C.. c.. 国之大者 The country’s most fundamental interests “党的领导”党的全面领导 [adj.] the Party’s overall/comprehensive leadership [adv P] Party leadership in all respects 党的领导方式the way the Party exercises its leadership 党的领导水平the Party’s capacity for exercising leadership 句子 ❥ ❦中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。 Party leadership is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest strength of China’s socialist system. 【词汇多样化】两个“是”：如果出现在长句里，is…, constitutes ……1…2…，3是党和国家的根本所在、命脉所在，4是全国各族人民的利益所系、命运所系。…is… and constitutes…… It is the foundation and lifeblood of the Party and the country, and the crux upon which the interests and wellbeing of all Chinese people depend. ~ Fortune, fate, destiny→wellbeing ❥ ❦党政军民学、东西南北中，党是领导一切的。【找主句】 The Party exercises overall leadership over all areas of endeavor in every part of the country. en·deav·our ( formal ) an attempt to do sth, especially sth new or difficult （尤指新的或艰苦的）努力，尝试in the field of scientific endeavour在科学探索领域 ❥ ❦坚持和加强党的全面领导，首先要维护党中央权威和集中统一领导。【adv.→n.】 Upholding the CPC Central Committee’s authority and it’s centralized, unified leadership is the prerequisite for bolstering overall party leadership. bol·ster /ˈbəʊlstə(r)/ [ VN] ~ sth (up)to improve sth or make it stronger 改善；加强 to bolster sb’s confidence/courage/morale 信心╱勇气╱士气坚持党的领导首先要旗帜鲜明讲政治，保证全党服从中央。In upholding the Party’s leadership, all party members
brim /brɪm/ n. the top edge of a cup, bowl, glass, etc. （杯、碗等的）口，边沿two wine glasses, filled to the brim 两只斟满的酒杯
v. ~ (with sth)to be full of sth; to fill sth （使）满，盛满her eyes brimmed with tears. / Tears brimmed in her eyes. 她热泪盈眶。 ˌbrim ˈover (with sth) ( of a cup, container, etc. 杯、容器等) to be so full of a liquid that it flows over the edge 盛满（…）；满溢 overflow Her heart was brimming over with happiness. 她心中洋溢着幸福。 ❥ ❦3）不论树的影子有多长，根永远扎在土里；不论留学人员身在何处，都要始终把祖国和人民放在心里。（《习近平谈治国理政》第一卷，第 58 页） No matter how long the shadow it may cast, the tree strikes deep roots in soil forever. No matter where they are, Chinese students should always keep the home country and its people in their hearts. (The Governance of China I, p. 63) ❥ ❦4）历史告诉我们，只有交流互鉴，一种文明才能充满生命力。只要[主语缺失]秉持包容精神，就不存在什么“文明冲突”，就可以实现文明和谐。这就是中国人常说的：“萝卜青菜，各有所爱。”（《习近平谈治国理政》第一卷， 第259-260 页） History proves that only by interacting with and learning from others can a civilization enjoy full vitality. If all civilizations are inclusive, the so-called “clash of civilizations” can be avoided and the harmony of civilizations will become reality; as a Chinese saying goes, “Radish or cabbage, each to his own delight.” (The Governance of China I, pp. 284-285)
二、“主义”结尾的抽象名词/语篇翻译
语篇翻译 ❥ ❦党的十八届六中全会通过关于新形势下党内政治生活的若干准则，| 党中央出台中央政治局加强和维护党中央集中统一领导的若干规定，| [逻辑关系：以上规定的目的]严明党的政治纪律和政治规矩，防止和反对个人主义、分散主义、自由主义、本位主义、好人主义等，发展积极健康的党内政治文化，推动营造风清气正的良好政治生态。 The Code of Conduct for Intraparty Political Life under New Circumstances was approved at the sixth plenary session of the 18th Central Committee in
2016. The following year, the Central Committee issued the Regulations of the
Political Bureau on Upholding and Strengthening the Centralized, Unified Leadership of the Central Committee. These documents were designed to strictly enforce the Party’s political rules and discipline, to prevent and oppose selfcentered behavior, decentralism, behavior in disregard of the rules, silo mentality, and unprincipled niceguyism, to cultivate a positive and healthy intraparty political culture, and to foster a sound political environment of honesty and integrity within the Party. plenáary /ˈpliːnəri/ session全会 silo mentality 本位主义是一种顾小我舍大局、顾小益损大利的处世态度和心理，是一种放大了的小团体主义或个人主义。我们党历来反对本位主义，始终把防止和克服本位主义作为加强党的建设和治国理政的一项重要措施来抓。 nice-guy mentality 【总结】 ①有对应译文的：社会主义socialism、马克思主义Marxism、唯物主义materialism、爱国主义patriotism、保护主义protectionism、单边/多边主义unilateralism / multilateralism
②注意语境中的含义：不一定翻译成-ism ∙1）要坚持尽力而为、量力而行（可不译），不能超越发展阶段，不能提脱离实际的目标，更不能搞形式主义和“形象工程”。 We should never extend our reach beyond our stage of development or set unrealistic goals, nor should we favor form over substance or indulge in showcase projects. ∙2）促进迁移人口落户要克服形式主义，真抓实干，保证迁得出、落得下。 To help rural people settle in urban areas, we should be results-oriented, do solid work, and ensure that people can move out and settle down easily. ∙3）形式主义背后是功利主义、实用主义作祟。 Those who favor form over substance are obsessed with results and achievements, with a disinclination to do any real work.
三、用典翻译
《习近平谈治国理政》中的用典大致分为文化类用典、诗词类用典和习语类用典三类。文化类用典——悬梁刺股、凿壁借光、囊萤映雪等历史典故诗词类用典——千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风……习语类用典——引用日常习语、俗语、俚语、谚语等。千军易得、一将难求…… ❥ ❦案例 ➀党中央是大脑和中枢，➁党中央必须有定于一尊、一锤定音的权威，➂这样才能“如身使臂，如臂使指，叱咤变化，无有留难，则天下之势一矣”。 The Central Committee, like the brain and main part of a body, must be the sole authority that makes the final decisions, so that it can control the subordinate parts just as “the body employs the arms and the arms employ the fingers without any difficulty, then the country runs as a whole”. 古语在《汉书·贾谊传》《宋史纪事本末》等典籍中可见相关表述。大意是说，政令执行如同身体驱使手臂，手臂驱使手指，指挥自如，没有困阻，这样一来全国上下便步调一致、行动统一。 ❥ ❦【总结】 • 大家心中要始终装着老百姓，先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐，做到不谋私利、克己奉公。 【直译】 You should always care for the people, and be the first to worry about country affairs and the last to enjoy yourselves. You must not seek personal gain, and you should selflessly act in the public interest. • 于安思危，于治忧乱。 【直译加注释】 Be alert to danger in times of peace, and be wary of unrest in times of stability. 中文注释为“见清代魏源《默觚•学篇七》”，英文注释为Wei Yuan: Essays by Wei Yuan (Mo Gu). Wei Yuan (1794-1857) was a thinker and writer of the Qing Dynasty。 • 创新从来都是九死一生，但我们必须有“亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔”的豪情。 【增译】 In innovation the odds of failure are much higher than those of success, but we should have the determination shown by the patriotic poet Qu Yuan, “For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart, I will not regret a thousand deaths to die.” • 明明德，首先要明大德、立大德。【省译】 To promote virtue, we should first establish moral integrity. • 要对标到 2020 年在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得决定性成果，【主语我们】继续打硬仗，啃硬骨头，确保干一件成一件，为全面完成党的十八届三中全会部署的改革任务打下决定性基础。【替代】 Aiming for decisive achievements in important areas and key aspects of reform by 2020, we should continue to fight tough battles, crack hard nuts, and ensure we succeed in every single reform that we initiate, so as to lay a firm foundation for completing the reform tasks set at the 2013 session. • 阿拉伯谚语说，“金字塔是一块块石头垒成的”。欧洲也有句话：“伟业非一日之功”。【回译/转译】 Similarly, there is an Arabic/ˈærԥbɪk/ proverb which says that the pyramids were built by piling one stone block upon another. In Europe, there is also a saying which says, “Rome was not built in a day.”
二、坚持和发展中国特色社会主义总任务
中国特色社会主义进入新时代Socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era 两个一百年奋斗目标 Two Centenary Goals cenátenáary n. /senˈtiːnəri/ the 100th anniversary of an event 第100周年纪念中国式现代化道路 Uniquely Chinese path to modernization 社会主义现代化强国 A great modern socialist country 坚定不移走中国特色社会主义道路 To adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics; To follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics with unswerving commitment unáswerváing adj. /ʌnˈswɜːvɪŋ/ fl strong and not changing or becoming weaker 中华民族伟大复兴 The rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹” The two miracles of rapid economic growth and enduring social stability 人类文明新形态 A new model for human advancement 两步走 A two-step approach (should be taken to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century and to promote national rejuvenation through a Chinese path to modernization）共商共建共享 The principle of achieving shared growth through consultation and collaboration ❥ ❦我们坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，【→结果】创造了中国式现代化道路，创造了人类文明新形态。 As we have upheld and developed socialism with Chinese characteristics and driven coordinated progress in material, political, cultural-ethical, social, and ecological terms, we have pioneered a new and uniquely Chinese path to modernization, and created a new model for human advancement. 五个方面的文明in…terms • ❥ ❦中国特色社会主义是适合中国国情、符合中国特点、顺应时代发展要求的理论和实践。所以才能取得成功，并将继续取得成功。 Chinese socialism is a path that suits China’s national conditions and reality and the requirements of the times in both theory and practice. Therefore, it has yielded and will continue to yield practical results. ❥ ❦社会主义并没有定于一尊、一成不变的套路，只有把科学社会主义基本原则同本国具体实际、历史文化传统、时代要求紧密结合起来，在实践中不断探索总结，才能把蓝图变为美好现实。 There is no orthodox, fixed version of socialism. A blueprint will become a bright reality only when we combine the basic principles of scientific socialism with China’s realities, historical and cultural traditions, and contemporary needs, and constantly analyze and summarize the lessons gained from our practice. ❥ ❦中国特色社会主义不是从天上掉下来的，而是在改革开放40年的伟大实践中得来的，是在中华人民共和国成立近70年的持续探索中得来的，| 是在我们党领导人民进行伟大社会革命97年的实践中得来的，| 是在近代以来中华民族由衰到盛170多年的历史进程中得来的，| 是对中华文明5000多年的传承发展中得来的，| 是党和人民历经千辛万苦付出各种代价取得的宝贵成果。得到这个成果极不容易。反复“是……得来的”；排比的翻译；强调句 • “得来的”进行名词化处理，译为result； • 对历史事件补充时间说明1949, 1921, 1840；“建立社会主义基本制度”the socialist system was established in the 1950s • “极不容易”形容词作谓语，译为a hard-won achievement. 词性转变：1 是……的继承和发展。XX builds on and further enriches …; 2中国化adapt to Chinese ○ •
context; 3 智能化、服务化、绿色化smarter, more service-oriented, and more eco-friendly; 4 提高社会治理社会化、法治化、智能化、专业化水平。We will strengthen public participation and rule of law in social governance, and make such governance smarter and more specialized. Chinese socialism did not drop from the sky, but has stemmed from 40 years of reform and opening up in 1978 and nearly 70 years of exploration since the founding of the PRC in
1949. It is the result of the Chinese people’s
experiences during 97 years of great social revolutions under the leadership of the CPC founded in
1921. It is the
result of more than 170 years of historical progress since 1840 during which the Chinese nation has evolved from decline to prosperity. It is the bequest and development of the Chinese civilization in the past five thousand years or more. It is a valuable result of the painstaking efforts made by our Party and the people at great cost. It is a hard-won achievement. ❥ ❦近代以后，创造了灿烂文明的中华民族遭遇到文明难以康续的深重危机，呈现在世界面前的是一派衰败调零的景象。|一百年来，觉领导人民不懈奋斗、不断进取，成功开辟了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路。| 中国从四分五裂、一盘散沙到高度统
一、民族团结，从积贫积弱、一穷二白到全面小康繁荣富强，从被动挨打、饱受欺凌到独立
自主、坚定自信，仅用几十年时间就走完发达国家几百年走过的工业化历程，创造了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹。 After the advent of modern times, the Chinese nation faced a grave crisis. As it withered away in the eyes of the world, it was uncertain whether or not the splendid civilization it had created would endure. | Over the past century, the Party has lead the people ahead ceaselessly, opening up the right path to national rejuvenation. | China has moved from a state of disunity and division to a high level of unity and solidarity, from weakness and poverty to strength and moderate prosperity in all respects and from being beaten and bullied to becoming independent, self-reliant, and confident. | China has completed a process of industrialization that took developed countries several centuries in the space of mere decades, bringing about the two miracles of rapid economic growth and enduring social stability. in the space of 在……（时间）之间 •
三、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想
我国社会主要矛盾 the principal/major/main contradiction in Chinese society (~ facing Chinese society in the new era); the principal challenge facing Chinese society 以人民为中心 people-centered 全面加强党的领导同坚持以人民为中心是高度一致的。 Strengthening leadership by the Party in all respects is entirely consistent with our people-centered philosophy. 全过程人民民主 whole-process people’s de’mocracy 全体人民共同富裕 common prosperity for all/for everyone/for all our people
人民立场是中国共产党的根本政治立场，是马克思主义政党区别于其他政党的显著标志。 Prosperity for the people is the basic political position of the CPC, and it is the prominent feature that distinguishes Marxist parties from other parties. 在中国社会主义制度下有事好商量，众人的事情由众人商量，找到全社会意愿和要求的最大公约数是人民民主的真谛。 Under China’s socialist system, whenever a problem crops up, we should turn to deliberations first. Matters involving many people are discussed by all those people involved; to reach the greatest common ground on the wishes and needs of the whole of society is the essence of people’s democracy. 中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。 As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The principal challenge facing Chinese society has evolved. What we now face is the gap between unbalanced and inadequate development and the evergrowing expectation of the people for a better life. ~ an increasingly strong desire for a better life, the people’s aspirations for a better life 中国人民相信，山再高，往上攀，总能登顶；路再长，走下去，定能到达。 It’s our firm belief that no matter how high a mountain is, if we keep climbing, we will reach the top; no matter how long the road is, if we keep walking, we will reach the destination. 江山就是人民、人民就是江山，打江山、守江山，守的是人民的心。 This country is its people; the people are the country. As we have fought to establish and consolidate our leadership over the country, we have in fact been fighting to earn and keep people’s support. 新的征程上，我们必须紧紧依靠人民创造历史，|| 坚持全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，站稳人民立场，贯彻党的群众路线，尊重人民首创精神，践行以人民为中心的发展思想，| 发展全过程人民民主，维护社会公平正义，着力解决发展不平衡不充分问题，和人民群众急难愁盼问题，|| 推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展！ ▲理清逻辑：中心句+怎么做？+结果 “急难愁盼” 急pressing, 难+愁difficulties, problems, 盼-民众关切concern On our journey ahead, we must rely closely on the people to create history. Upholding the Party’s fundamental purpose of wholeheartedly serving the people, we will stand firmly with the people, implement the Party’s mass line, respect the people’s creativity, and practice a people-centered philosophy of development. We will develop whole-process people’s democracy, safeguard social fairness and justice, and resolve the imbalances and inadequacies in development and the most pressing difficulties and problems that are of great concern to the people. In doing so, we will make more substantive progress towards achieving well-rounded human development and common prosperity for all. 带领人民创造幸福生活，是我们党始终不渝的奋斗目标。|| 我们要顺应人民群众对美好生活的向往，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，以保障和改善民生为重点，发展各项社会事业，加大收入分配调节力度，打赢脱贫攻坚战，保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利，|| 使改革发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，朝着实现全体人民共同富裕的目标稳步迈进。 ▲理清逻辑：中心句+怎么做？+结果以……为重点focus on; War metaphor Leading the people to create a happy life is the persistent goal of our Party. We should follow people’s longing for a better life, insist on people-oriented development, focus on ensuring and improving people’s living standard while developing all social programs, balance income distribution, win the battle against poverty, and guarantee people’s rights of equal participation and equal development, making the achievement of reform better benefit all the people in a more equal way, and moving towards realizing the goal of common prosperity of all people.
天不言而四时行，地不语而百物生。Heaven and earth do not speak, yet the seasons change and all things grow. 我将无我，不负人民。I will fully commit to the people and never fail them. 无我的状态-put aside my own interests
四、中国特色社会主义事业总体布局和战略布局(有后半部分内容未学习)
术语翻译五位一体&四个全面统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局统筹的含义在“总体布局”里面了 To carry out/implement/advance the Five-sphere Integrated Plan Coordinated implementation of the …Plan 中国特色社会主义事业总体布局，包括经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设 China’s overall plan for building socialism with Chinese characteristics, that is, to promote coordinated progress in the economic, political, cultural, social, and eco-environmental fields 协调推进“四个全面”战略布局 To c../i../ad.. the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy in a coordinated manner/way The prongs of something such as a policy or plan are the separate parts of it. (政策或计划等的)部分中国特色社会主义事业战略布局，包括全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党 China’s strategic plan for building a modern socialist country, deepening reform, advancing law-based governance, and strengthening Party self-governance 句子翻译强调总布局，是因为中国特色社会主义是全面发展的社会主义。我们强调总布局，就是因为我们想要实现全面发展的中国特色社会主义。 We give top priority to overall planning, simply because we must achieve all-round developmet of socialism with Chinese characteristics. 句式对应：中文“……，是因为……”表强调，英文用simply because; 后文“……，就是要……”the very purpose 字词翻译：强调—stress, emphasize, focus on, underline, highlight, give priority to….. 党的十八大强调，建设中国特色社会主义，总依据是社会主义初级阶段，总布局是五位一体，总任务是实现社会主义现代化和中华民族伟大复兴。 It was emphasised at the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012 that the basic foundation for building socialism with Chinese characteristics is that China is in the primary stage of socialism, that its overall plan is to seek economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress, and that its main object is to achieve socialist modernization and rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 政经文本常见句式：xx会议强调/颁布/通过：it作形式主语党的十八大以来，我们提出要协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党，这“四个全面”是当前党和国家事业发展中必须解决好的主要矛盾。注：四个全面中第一个方面目前已于2021年7月1日发展为“全面建设社会主义现代化国家” Since the _____, we have committed ourselves to comprehensive moves to complete a moderately prosperous society in all respects, further reform, advance the rule of law, and strengthen Party discipline. These Four-pronged Strategy tackles the major problems currently affecting the Party and the country. 四个全面的具体翻译：动名词译法、动词译法全面建成小康社会：其他译法 ①to achieve/reach moderate prosperity in all respects; ②to journey/march towards common prosperity; ③to develop our society into a moderately prosperous one; ④to build China into a well-off society in an all-round way; 到2020 年稳定实现农村贫困人口不愁吃、不愁穿，义务教育、基本医疗、住房安全有保障，是贫困人口脱贫的基本要求和核心指标，| 直接关系攻坚战质量。 It is a basic requirement and core indicator in our poverty eradication effort that by 2020 we will succeed in delivering the Two Assurances and Three Guarantees for impoverished rural residents. This is key to the success of the final stage of our fight against poverty. 断句；“两不愁三保障”文中用了简化的数字化表达，英文注释it refers to assurances of adequate food and clothing,
and guarantees of access to compulsory education, basic medical service and safe housing for impoverished rural residents. 直接关系is key to; 是千年大计is vital to; 经过全党全国各族人民持续奋斗，我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标[坚持和发展…总任务]，在中华大地上全面建成了小康社会，| 历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，正在意气风发向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进。 Through the continued efforts of the whole Party and the entire nation, we have realized the first centenary goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This means that we have brought about a historic resolution to the problem of absolute poverty in China, and we are now marching in confident strides towards the second centenary goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects. The resolution of a problem or difficulty is the final solving of it. 最终解决solution 中文里的隐形逻辑显性化 áá~á“贫困”相关的表述较多，具体内涵也有所不同，如：绝对贫困absolute poverty、相对贫困relative poverty、整体贫困overall poverty、极端贫困extreme poverty、贫困线poverty line、贫困差poverty gap、贫困率poverty rate/ poverty incidence/ headcount index、性别贫困gender poverty/ poverty by sex/ poverty counts by sex等。语篇翻译注意专有名词译法及“有机统一from an indivisible whole” ▲我们要坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，| 坚持和完善人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度、基层群众自治制度，| 全面推进依法治国，巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线，发展社会主义协商民主，用制度体系保证人民当家作主。 We must ensure that the Party’s leadership, the people‘s position as masters of the country, and law-based governance form an indivisible whole. We must uphold and improve the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grassroots self-governance. We must advance law-based governance, consolidate and develop the broadest possible patriotic united front, develop socialist consultative democracy, and provide institutional guarantees to ensure that the people are the masters of the country. 我国社会主义民主是维护人民根本利益的最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主。发展社会主义民主政治就是要体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创制活力，用制度体系保证人民当家作主。 China’s socialist democracy is the broadest, most genuine, and most effective democracy to safeguard the fundamental interests of the people. The very purpose of developing socialist democracy is to give full expression to the will of the people, protect their rights and interests, spark their creativity, and provide systemic and institutional guarantees to ensure the people’s position as masters of the country. [改错] interest兴趣，interests利益 public interests
五、全面深化改革总目标
全面深化改革 To deepen reform in all areas; in-depth reform in every field 实现社会公平正义 To realize social fairness and justice 促进社会和谐稳定 To promote social harmony and stability 完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度 To improve and develop the system of socialism with C . C. 推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化To modernize China’s system and capacity for governance 推进现代化：modernize 形成公平竞争的发展环境 To develop an environment for fair competition 增强经济社会发展活力 To invigorate economic and social growth 增强活力：invigorate 提高政府效率和效能 To enhance the efficiency of the government 中国改革经过30多年，已进入深水区，可以说，容易的、皆大欢喜的改革已经完成了，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头。
【群众语言风格】深水区：deep water指进退两难的困境，uncharted waters未经探测的区域-风险莫测 Having been pushed ahead for more than 30 years, China’s reform has entered uncharted waters. It can be said that the easy part of the job has been done to the satisfaction of all. What is left are tough bones that are hard to chew.
六、全面推进依法治国总目标
法治the rule of law, law-based, 习近平法治/经济/强军思想 Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law/Economy/ Military 全面依法治国 Comprehensive law-based governance 中国特色社会主义法治道路 Socialist rule of law with C. c. 平安中国 Peaceful China Initiative 司法为民 Justice for the people 依法治国和以德治国相结合 To integrate the rule of law with the rule of virtue 科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法 Sound lawmaking, strict law enforcement, impartial administration of justice, and the observance of law by everyone 中国特色社会主义法治体系 System of socialist rule of law with C c 社会主义法治国家 Country of socialist rule of law
七、必须坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度
社会主义基本经济制度 The basic socialist economic system 新发展阶段/格局/理念 The new stage of development; a new pattern of dev; a new development philosophy; 高质量发展 High-quality development 统筹发展和安全 To balance development and security 供给侧结构性改革 Supply-side structural reform 稳中求进工作总基调 The underlying principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability/ the fundamental principle of pursuing steady progress/ to maintain stability while making progress 开放型世界经济 An open world/global economy 现代化经济体系 A modern economic system/ a modernized economy
八、党在新时代的强军目标
党在新时代的强军目标 our Party’s goal of building strong armed forces in the new era; ○ the Party’s goal of building a strong military in the new era; ○ the Party’s goal for military development in the new era ○ 新时代人民军队使命任务 the missions and tasks for the armed forces in the new era 党对人民军队的绝对领导 the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces; ○ absolute Party leadership over the military; ○ the Party’s absolute leadership over the military ○ 政治建军、改革强军、科技强军、人才强军、依法治军 to enhance the political loyalty of the armed forces, strengthen them through reform, science and technology, and training of competent personnel, and run them in accordance with the law 中国特色强军之路 the path of building a powerful military with Chinese characteristics; ○ the Chinese path of building strong armed forces; ○
China’s own path in building a strong military; ○ a Chinese path to military development ○ 全面推进国防和军队现代化 fully advancing the modernization of national defense and the military 人民军队革命化现代化正规化水平(a) revolutionary, modernized, and standardized military
九、中国特色大国外交
习近平外交思想 Xi Jinping Thought on Foreign Affairs 独立自主的和平外交政策 an independent foreign policy of peace （坚持）和平发展道路 (to follow/stay on/stick to) a path of peaceful development “一带一路”建设 the Belt and Road Initiative 新型国际关系 a new approach to/ model or type of international relations 全球治理体系改革和建设 the reform and development of the global governance system 人类命运共同体 a global community of shared future 全人类共同价值 common values of humanity/ shared human values 统筹国内国际两个大局 to keep in mind both the internal and the international situation to give overall consideration to domestic development and the international situation to give consideration to both the domestic and the international situation to take a holistic approach to both the domestic and international situation to take a holistic approach to the situation both at home and abroad 党对对外工作的集中统一领导 the Party’s centralized and unified leadership over China’s foreign affairs 维护国家主权、安全、发展利益to uphold/safeguard China’s/our country’s sovereignty, security and development interests; to make sure that China’s s, s and d interests will never be compromised 全球伙伴关系 global partnerships
十、全面从严治党的战略方针
（加强）政治建设 (to strengthen) the Party in political terms (to reinforce) the Party’s political foundations （加强）思想建设 (to buttress) ideological commitment (to strengthen) the Party in ideological terms (to strengthen) our Party theoretically （加强）组织建设 (to consolidate) the Party’s organizations (to strengthen) the Party in organizational terms （加强）作风建设 (to improve) the Party’s conduct (to strengthen) the Party in terms of conduct （加强）纪律建设 (to enforce) the Party’s discipline (to strengthen) the Party in terms of discipline （加强）制度建设 institution building institutional improvement (to create) stronger institutions 反腐败斗争 the anti-corruption campaign the fight against corruption the struggle against corruption to fight/combat corruption 自我革命 self-reform self-transformation