2025

2025 357


1the Third Session of the 14th National People’s Congress
2the State Council
3members of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political
4the Third Plenary Session of the Twentieth Central Committee of the
5deepening reform comprehensively
6set forth plans for…
7…the strong leadership of…
8overcome difficulties and continue to forge ahead
91. steady growth
10high-quality development
11new quality productive forces
12economic strength
13scientific and technological capabilities
14composite national strength
15…solid new strides were made in…
16in the new era
17on the new journey
18a modern socialist country
19gross domestic product (GDP)
20the world’s major economies
21surveyed urban unemployment rates
22the consumer price index (CPI)
23the balance of payments
24to reach a record high
25…the global market share of …
26foreign exchange reserves
27the people’s wellbeing
28per capita disposable income
295.1%grew by 5.1 percent in real terms
30poverty alleviation
31compulsory education
32basic old-age insurance
33basic medical insurance
34social assistance
35industrial upgrading
36grain output
371.4700 million metric tons
38the yield per hectare
39high-tech manufacturing
40equipment manufacturing
41new-energy vehicles
42information transmission software
43IT services
44business services
45innovation capacity
46integrated circuits
47artificial intelligence (AI)
48“”The Chang’e - 6 mission
49humanity’s first-ever sample collection from the far side of the moon
50“”the Mengxiang ocean drilling vessel
51technology contract
52cities at and above the prefectural level
53(PM2.5)fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
54the average concentration
55days with good or excellent air quality
56surface water with a good quality
57per unit of GDP
58installed renewable energy capacity
59the reform plans
60gradually raising the statutory retirement age
61market access restrictions on foreign investment in the manufacturing
62some deep-seated structural problems
63sluggish domestic demand
64weak public expectations
65improved macro regulation
66the Political Bureau of the Central Committee
67a package of new policies
68public confidence
69the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee
70an efficient market
71a well-functioning government
72aggregate supply
73aggregate demand
74to foster new growth drivers
75to upgrade old growth drivers
76to optimize allocation of new resources
77making the best use of existing resources
78to expand total output
79Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New
80the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and its
81to take more robust and innovative measures in conducting macro
82China’s economy got off to a good start in the first quarter.
83various external and internal factors
84major economic indicators
85the downward pressure
86countercyclical adjustments
87prominent issues
88targeted measures
89fiscal and monetary policies
90key areas
91required reserve ratios
92policy interest rates
93effective demand
94“”to implement major national strategies and enhance security capacity in
95“”a new round of large-scale equipment upgrades and consumer goods
96investment in equipment purchases
97retail sales of home appliances
98to stem the downturn and restore stability in the real estate market
99interest rates for housing loans
100down payments
101interest payments for existing mortgages
102taxes and fees on housing transactions
103to ensure the timely delivery of housing projects
104the capital market foundational systems
105a surge in market activity
106the ceiling for local government special-purpose bonds
107local small and medium financial institutions
108the internal momentum of development
109regulations on fair competition review
110to attract investment
111to reform state-owned enterprises (SOEs)
112to improve the layout of the state-owned sector
113a draft of the private sector promotion law
114new growth drivers for foreign trade
115import and export mix
116the negative list for cross-border trade
117value-added telecom services
118biotechnology
119unilateral opening up
120the least developed countries that have diplomatic relations with China
121unilateral visa waivers
122visa-free transit stays
123inbound tourism
124“”high-quality Belt and Road cooperation
125public wellbeing programs
126innovation-driven development
127major national science and technology programs
128major science and technology infrastructure
129first-class innovators/ top-tier innovators
130increase in investment
131national-level advanced manufacturing clusters
132commercial space
133applications of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
134new types of energy storage
135emerging industries
136mandatory national standards
137the Digital China Initiative
138coordinated development between urban and rural areas
139the economic layout
140a five-year action plan
141to consolidate the foundations of agriculture capacity for overall
142functional zoning systems and policies
143social programs
144high-quality and full employment
145college graduates
146people lifted out of poverty
147rural migrant workers
148government scholarships and grants
149government-subsidized student loans
150the basic education environment
151mutual recognition of clinical test results from different medical
152key infectious diseases
153elderly care services
154the silver economy
155increased subsidies for entitled groups
156subsistence allowance one-off living allowances for people in difficulty
157national public holidays
158the 9th Asian Winter Games
159the 12th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People’s
160Chinese athletes achieved their best overseas Olympic performance at the
161comprehensive efforts
162the discharge of major pollutants
163the areas of both deserts and sandy lands
164energy conservation and carbon reduction
165the development and use of new energy sources
166electricity generated from non-fossil fuels
167the National Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trading
168carbon emissions trading
169strategic plans for conducting full and rigorous Party self-governance
170to lighten the burdens on those working on the ground
171law-based government administration
172recommendations from NPC deputies
173proposals by CPPCC National Committee members
174supervision over administrative law enforcement
175administrative inspections
176“”major matters covered by one-stop government services
177to identify and defuse conflicts and disputes
178emergency management
179the national security system
180critical incidents and cases
181major crimes
182major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics
183the Astana Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
184the leaders’ meetings on East Asian cooperation
185the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation
18670the Conference Marking the 70th Anniversary of the Five Principles of
187the 10th Ministerial Conference of the China-Arab States Cooperation
188major diplomatic events at home
189a community with a shared future for mankind
190partnerships across the globe
191true multilateralism
192global challenges
193resolving regional and international hotspot issues
194be at the helm charting the course
195the sound guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese
196the whole Party, the armed forces, and the Chinese people of all ethnic
197political parties
198people’s organizations
199public figures from all sectors of society
200the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
201the Macao Special Administrative Region
202changes unseen in a century
203Global economic growth lacks steam.
204unilateralism
205protectionism
206the multilateral trading system
207tariff barriers
208global industrial and supply chains
209flows in the international economy
210geopolitics
211global market expectations and investment confidence
212Effective demand is weak.
213Consumption is sluggish.
214overdue payments
215Some primary-level governments have fiscal difficulties.
216the implementation of the policy
217not fully service-oriented
218institutional strengths
219an enormous market
220a complete industrial system
221a wealth of manpower and talent
222effective governance mechanisms
223long-term plans
224sound regulation
225coordination between central and local governments
226vast space for further growth
227demand upgrades
228structural improvements
229a shift to new growth drivers
230the underlying trend of long-term economic growth
231to cleave the waves
232to sail steadily toward the future
233Policy Orientations
234“”the final year for implementing the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021– 2025)
235the general principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability
236the new development philosophy
237a new pattern of development
238ensure both development and security
239proactive and effective macro policies
240the real estate market
241external shocks
242sustained economic recovery and growth
243meet difficulties head-on
244the more pronounced problems
245to better balance supply and demand
246the general price level
247promoting stability through progress, upholding fundamental principles
248systematic integration policy toolkit
249…to make … more forward-looking, targeted, and effective
250remain target-oriented with the right timing and intensity
251fiscal policy
252the deficit-to-GDP ratio
2531one percentage point
254expenditure in the general public budget
255ultra-long special treasury bonds
256large state-owned commercial banks
257local government special-purpose bonds
258land acquisition and reserve
259overdue payments owed by local governments to enterprises
260general transfer payments
261underdeveloped areas
262“”basic living needs are met, salaries are paid, and governments function
263to maintain strict financial and economic discipline
264monetary policy instruments
265to maintain adequate liquidity
266private businesses
267micro and small enterprises
268loan renewals without full repayment of the principal
269credit enhancement
270overall financing costs
271make financial services more accessible and convenient
272The RMB exchange rate
273people-oriented macro policies
274to take a people-centered approach
275economic flows
276new growth drivers
277positive interplay
278“”policy coordination
279coordination between the central and local governments and between
280to heed the market’s voice
281the top priority
282winning through quality
283deepen supply-side structural reform
284to address structural gaps between consumption and supply
285to steer and generate demand through high-quality supply
286focus on major priorities and key links
287the main engine and anchor of economic growth
288to boost consumption
289the supply of quality products and services
290to tap the potential of diversified, differentiated spending
291low- and middle-income groups
292consumer goods trade-in programs
293expanding access, reducing restrictions
294the leave system
295duty-free shops
296inbound consumption
297county-level commercial systems
298the comprehensive statistics system for consumption
299the rights and interests of consumers
300national development strategies
301the central government budget for investment
302top-down organization and coordination
303""the implementation of major national strategies and security capacity
304mechanisms for ensuring coordinated implementation of major cross-
305private investment
306developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions
307the momentum of new growth drivers
308industries of the future
309integrated and clustered development
310the low-altitude economy
311biomanufacturing
312quantum technology
313embodied AI
314service-oriented manufacturing
315coordination and planning of industries
316monitoring and early warning for production capacity
317orderly industrial development
318healthy competition
319innovative development of national new- and high-tech development
320small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that use specialized and
321unicorn and gazelle companies
322the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries
323key industrial chains in the manufacturing sector
324industrial foundation reengineering
325extend the coverage of
326lower eligibility requirements to
327the digitalization of manufacturing
328with both industry expertise and digital know-how
329service providers
330""improving product variety, quality, and brand-building
331popular brands and quality products
332renowned traditional industries
333“+”the AI Plus
334market strengths
335large-scale AI models
336intelligent robots
337new-generation intelligent terminals
338smart manufacturing equipment
339AI-enabled phones and computers
340to optimize the layout of computing resources across the country
341digital industry clusters
342basic data systems
343cross-border data flows
344…the healthy and well-regulated development of…
345inspiring innovation, expanding consumption, and stabilizing
346the strategy of invigorating China through science and education
347the overall performance of China’s innovation system
348innovation-driven development
349to make integrated progress in education, scientific and technological
350…the foundational and strategic underpinning for…
351a high-quality education system
352a three-year action plan for strengthening education
353fostering virtue through education in the new era
354the political education curriculum
355high-quality, well-balanced development of compulsory education
356sound mechanisms for coordinating the allocation of educational
357the supply of senior secondary school places
358promote … in a phased way
359special needs education
360continuing education
361specialized education
362private education
363integrated development of vocational education and general education
364collaboration between industries and schools
365to expand quality undergraduate education
366""world-class universities and academic disciplines
367mechanisms for discipline adjustment
368mental health education
369train high-caliber professional teachers
370professional integrity and conduct
371teachers’ salaries and benefits
372a large educational country
373an educational powerhouse
374the strengths of the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide
375core technologies in key fields
376R&D advancements in frontier and disruptive technologies
377forward-looking planning
378the layout of China’s strategic scientific and technological resources
379the reform of research institutes
380national laboratories
381international and regional centers for scientific and technological
382science and technology expenditures
383competition-based support
384the pacesetting role of leading high-tech enterprises
385enterprise-led collaboration between industries, universities, and research
386provide institutional support for
387central government research funds
388the protection and application of intellectual property rights
389the differentiated oversight system for venture capital funds
390policy-backed financial support
391venture capital investment
392patient capital
393scientific literacy among the public
394the overall caliber of talent
395talent hubs
396urgently needed personnel in key areas
397highly-skilled workers
398young scientists and engineers
399a first-rate industrial technical workforce
400the support mechanisms for talent recruited from overseas
401joint training and personnel exchanges between industries, universities,
402personnel collaboration
403category-based personnel assessments
404the leading role
405the vitality of market entities
406""unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector and
407modern corporate systems with distinctive Chinese features
408tackle this issue at the source
409long-term mechanisms
410self-employed individuals
411arbitrary charges
412unauthorized cross-jurisdictional and profit-driven law enforcement
413a unified national market
414market segmentation
415allocation of production factors
416""rat race competition
417the negative list for market access
418access for new forms of business and new sectors
419public bidding
420reform the fiscal, taxation, and financial systems
421zero-based budgeting reform
422performance assessments
423technology finance
424green finance
425inclusive finance
426pension finance
427digital finance
428investment and financing
429the entry of long- and medium-term capital into the market
430strategic resource reserves
431market stabilization mechanisms
432stock issuance and listing
433multilevel bond markets
434higher-standard opening up
435institutional opening up
436to promote reform and development through openness
437export credit insurance
438cross-border e-commerce
439logistics services for cross-border delivery
440intermediate goods
441the import of quality services
442new growth drivers
443offshore trade
444the China International Import Expo
445the China Import and Export Fair
446the China International Fair for Trade in Services
447the Global Digital Trade Expo
448the China International Consumer Products Expo
449Smart Customs development and cooperation
450customs clearance
451access to production factors
452license application
453standards setting
454government procurement
455national treatment
456enhance the quality and performance
457the Hainan Free Trade Port
458integrated bonded areas
459“”small but beautiful public wellbeing projects
460exemplary cooperative project deliverables
461China-Europe freight trains
462the New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor
463—3.0the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area 3.0 Upgrade Protocol
464the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement
465the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific
466the WTO-centered multilateral trading system
467to stem the downturn and restore stability
468city-specific policies
469urban villages
470old and dilapidated houses
471first homes
472urban spatial structures
473land use practices
474existing land resources
475government-subsidized housing
476quality homes
477to defuse debt risks in the course of development
478to pursue development in a debt risk-defused environment
479a package of measures
480the hidden debts
481market-oriented transformation
482to address risks
483capital replenishment
484mergers and reorganizations
485market exit mechanisms
486differentiated development
487the deposit insurance fund
488the financial stability fund
489“”work relating to agriculture, rural areas, and rural residents
490all-around rural revitalization
491to prioritize agricultural and rural development
492“”the Green Rural Revival Program in Zhejiang Province
493supporting systems for strengthening agriculture, benefiting farmers, and
494to raise agricultural returns
495to increase rural incomes
496agricultural products
497grain acreage
498cotton, sugar crops, and natural rubber
499the livestock
500fishery industries
501irrigation and water conservancy facilities
502the restoration of degraded arable land
503the seed industry
504major grain-producing counties
505Our country’s food supply remains firmly in our own hands.
506achievements in poverty alleviation
507the efficacy of monitoring and assistance
508“”large-scale relapse into or occurrence of poverty
509Greater follow-up support will be given to people relocated from
510work-relief policies
511targeted assistance
512low-income rural residents
513multi-tiered, categorized assistance
514the basic rural operation system
515rural collective economies
516collective forest tenure
517state farms
518supply and marketing cooperatives
519agricultural water pricing
520integrated advancements in developing rural industries, invigorating
521forest-based economy
522rural industries with distinctive features
523a beautiful and harmonious countryside for people to live and work in
524social etiquette and civility in rural areas
525the spatial layout of development
526the coordinated regional development strategy
527take a people-centered approach to
528a territorial space system
529weak links
530county economies
531modern metropolitan areas
532super-large and mega cities
533urban renewal schemes
534the renovation of old urban residential compounds
535redevelopment of inefficiently used urban land
536digital and smart infrastructure
537barrier-free and age-friendly facilities
538livable, resilient, and smart cities
539new growth poles
540large-scale development of the western region
541full revitalization of the Northeast
542accelerated rise of the central region
543faster modernization of the eastern region
544the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
545the Yangtze River Delta
546the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area
547the Yangtze Economic Belt
548the Yellow River basin
549to assume greater responsibility
550to ensure supply of production factors
551the Xiong’an New Area
552the Chengdu-Chongqing economic zone
553the orderly, gradual relocation of industries
554old revolutionary base areas
555areas with large ethnic minority populations
556to ensure stability and security along the border
557resource-dependent areas
558the marine economy
559to cut carbon emissions, reduce pollution, pursue green development, and
560the green transition
561structural reform in ecological conservation
562pollution control
563to prioritize ecological protection, conserve resources and use them
564our drive to keep the skies blue, waters clear, and lands clean
565an action plan for the comprehensive treatment of solid waste
566new pollutants
567region-specific environmental management
568a holistic and systematic approach to the protection and conservation of
569national park
570protected areas
571“”the national shelterbelt program in northwest, north, and northeast China
572the 10-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River
573compensation for ecological conservation
574ecosystem goods and services
575pilot zones under the Beautiful China Initiative
576total resource consumption control
577energy-intensive projects
578renewable materials
579carbon neutrality
580peaking carbon emissions
581zero-carbon industrial parks and factories
582carbon labeling and certification
583green trade barriers
584“”new energy bases in desert areas, the Gobi, and other arid areas
585offshore wind farms
586to ensure that public services are inclusive, meet essential needs, and
587sense of fulfillment
588Employment is crucial to the people’s wellbeing.
589the employment-first policy
590employment support plans
591unemployment insurance premium refunds
592tax and fee cuts
593employment subsidies
594labor-intensive industries
595job relocation
596the employment and business start-up channels
597ex-service members
598people lifted out of poverty
599people facing difficulties in finding jobs, such as older jobseekers, people
600flexible employment
601new forms of employment
602trials of occupational injury insurance
603the settlement of all unpaid wages
604discrimination in the workplace
605vocational skills
606highly-skilled personnel
607a skills-based pay system
608We will ensure better pay for those with a commitment to hard work, an
609basic medical and health services
610the health-first strategy
611medical services
612medical insurance
613public hospitals
614dynamic staffing adjustments
615the remuneration system
616conditions in hospital wards
617the supply of quality medical resources, channel them toward the
618the policy for centralized medicine procurement
619pricing mechanisms for medicines
620a medical insurance catalog for innovative drugs
621the mechanisms for the preservation and innovative development of
622TCM programs
623disease prevention and control
624tiered diagnosis and treatment
625tracing mechanisms for drugs and medical consumables
626supervision over medical insurance funds
627third-pillar pension plans
628the private pension system
629functionally impaired elderly persons
630assisted catering services for the elderly
631assistive rehabilitation devices
632integrated nursery and childcare services
633the statutory retirement age
634children in need
635children who live with their migrant-worker parents
636left-behind children in rural areas
637cultural-ethical advancement
638new forms of cultural business
639a holistic approach to national security
640the three-year drive to address the root causes of workplace accidents
641school meals
642meteorological services
643post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction efforts in Dingri County,
644public institutions
645“”the Fengqiao model for promoting community-level governance in the
646law-based handling of public complaints
647the Peaceful China Initiative
648to crack down hard on criminal gangs, telecom and online fraud
649to ensure that our people live and work in peace and contentment
650“”begin formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan this year
651new features defining the 15th Five-Year Plan period
652“”establishing Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central
653“”the need to maintain political integrity, think in big - picture terms,
654“”stay confident in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with
655“”uphold Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central